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Topics on Genetics test –Tuesday 3/24 ● DNA o What is its shape? Double helix- a double twist o Who discovered the shape? Watson & Crick (& Rosalind Franklin) o DNA is the same in all of our cells (except sperm & egg, they have less DNA) o What are the smaller building blocks? Nucleotides o What are the four bases? What is a base? The 4 types of nucleotides. Bases are A,T,G,C o Base-pair rules: A binds with T, C binds with G o What does it do (its function)? Contains genetic info. It is the hereditary information. The order of the bases is important for directing all of your cells activities. o Where is it found? Nucleus ● Chromosomes o Shape X shaped o What are they? X shaped structure that contains the DNA. DNA winds up into chromosomes in order to keep it organized. If we stretched out A chromosome it is 3 meters long! o Number of chromosomes in cells 46 total - We get 23 from mom & 23 from dad o How many pairs? 23 pairs o What are the 2 sex chromosomes? X and Y o What can happen if you have a wrong number of chromosomes? Disease or death ( or nothing if you are lucky) o What causes Down syndrome? An extra 21st chromosome. Instead of 2 you have 3. o What is a Karyotype? What does a Karyotype show? A picture of all the chromosomes in the cell. Shows how many chromosomes you have, if you are missing any or have extra. Can also see if it is a boy or a girl. ● Genes o How is a Gene different from DNA? A gene is a special section on the DNA that has the instructions to make a specific protein. Each gene codes for one protein. The specific order of the bases tells your cell what protein to make. o What do genes code for? Proteins Environment o We are made up of genes, but our ________________________________ effects our genes. o Gene expression- genes are turned on and off in our different body cells. That is what makes each cell different! ● The Human Genome Project- allowed scientists to know all the genes we have. How has this helped people? Why is it important to know what genes we have- how has this changed medicine? ● Proteins o What are proteins made of? (what is the smaller building block) Amino acids o In what organelle are proteins made? The ribosome ( the little dots in the cell) ● Heredity o What is heredity? The transfer of traits (characteristics ) from parents to children (through the DNA). o Why do we look like our parents (sometimes!)? We get half our DNA from mom and half from Dad. Get a mixture of their genes which code the same proteins and traits that they have. o What do identical twins share? DNA ● Mutations o What is a mutation? A mistake or change in the DNA. Instead of a G there might be a T. Not good! o Where do mutations occur? In the DNA. If it's in our genes (the important sections) that's very bad o What is a genetic disorder? When a mutation in our genes causes disease ● Cancer o What is cancer? When our cells reproduce like crazy and can't stop making more cells. Uncontrolled cell growth. o What is a tumor? A ball of cancer cells o What causes cancer? Mutations in the DNA o What things in the environment can cause cancer? X-Rays. The sun. Chemicals. ● Selective breeding o What is it? When we breed animals that have the best traits so we get animals that look how we want. o Know a few common examples. Dogs!!!!