Download Keystone Study Points Answer Key

MODULE 1: STUDY POINTS Answer Key Basic Biological Principles: 1. Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms (2) Organization:
1. Cell: basic unit of structure and function of living things
2. Tissue: group of cells of the same kind
3. Organ: structure composed of one or more types of tissues
4. Organ system: group of organs that work together to do a certain function
5. Organism: individual living thing that may be made up of one or more organ systems
Homeostasis-The process of maintaining a stable internal environment
Growth-To get larger by adding body mass
Reproduction-The process by which living things give rise to offspring
Adaptation- a characteristic that helps an organism survive/reproduce
Evolution- a change in the characteristics of living things over time
Occurs at the population level as organisms become better suited to the environment
Development- the changes an organism goes through during its’ lifetime
Ex: maturing from a juvenile tadpole to an adult frog
Energy-The ability to do work
Each chemical reaction needs energy to get started
All living things need energy for all of life processes
Stimuli (stimulus)- the change in the environment
Response- the reaction the organism has to the stimuli
2. Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (2) Prokaryotes-­‐bacteria-­‐no membrane bound organelles, no membrane bound nucleus Cytoplasm, ribosomes, Cell membrane, DNA (not stored) Eukaryote-­‐plant, animal, fungi, protist; membrane bound nucleus and organelles All of the prokaryotic structures plus mitochondria, chloroplast, ER, Golgi, etc 3. Describe/interpret relationships between structure/function in biological organization (1) The structure of a cell, tissue, organ, or system allows it to function optimally Cells are small so they can transport materials to the very middle The Chemical Basis for Life: 1. Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth (2) Polarity – the difference in electrical charge between different parts of a molecule
Hydrogen has a positive charge
Oxygen has a negative charge
Hydrogen bond - the bonds that form between two water molecules
Water is polar so it dissolves ions and all polar molecules
Cohesion - the attraction between two molecules of the same type.
Surface tension - the measure of how difficult it is to stretch/break the surface of a liquid
Adhesion - is the attraction between two different types of molecules
Capillarity – the movement of water upward; combination of cohesion and adhesion
High boiling point of water due to hydrogen bonds – water boils at 100°C (212°F)
Density anomaly - hydrogen bonds cause water to expand when it freezes
Ice has a 9% lower density (mass/volume) than liquid water (ice floats)
At 4°C water is more dense than water at 0°C
"Universal solvent" - water dissolves more substances than any other liquid
Solution - composed one substance dissolved in another substance
Solute - the dissolved substance in a solution
Solvent - the substance in which the solute is dissolved
Specific heat capacity - heat needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius
Why is the specific heat capacity of water much higher than most liquids? Hydrogen bonds
 Maintaining body temperature
 Relatively even water temp in ponds and lakes from day to night
 Regulating temperature fluctuations over land
2. Explain how carbon in uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules (1) Carbon can form a diverse number of different structures because carbon can covalent bond with a variety of different elements like H, O, N, P and S 3. Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers (1) Monomers-­‐one part Polymer-­‐many parts (macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and DNA) Dehydration synthesis-­‐ monomers join to form macromolecules because water is released Hydrolysis-­‐ macromolecules break into monomers when water is added 4. Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (1) Carbohydrates: CHO; Short term energy Monomer: Monosaccharide-­‐C6H12O6; glucose Polysaccharides-­‐ Starch; plants; energy storage, Glycogen; animals; energy storage, Cellulose; plants; structure Lipids: CHO Triglycerides-­‐glycerol + 3 fatty acids Fats, oils, waxes, steroids Used to store energy and form parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings Proteins: CHON (S,P) Monomer-­‐Amino acids (20); universal code Primary structure-­‐peptide bond Secondary structure-­‐hydrogen bonds Tertiary structure-­‐ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges, covalent bonds Quaternary structure-­‐two or more polypeptide strands Amino group (–NH2) Carboxyl group (–COOH) Function: control the rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, form cellular structures, carry substances into or out of cells, and help fight disease Nucleic acids: CHONP There are two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) Monomer-­‐nucleotide Nucleotides are made of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base (A/T, C/G) Store and transmit hereditary (genetic) information 5. Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction (1) Chemical reaction-­ a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals Reactants-­‐ The elements or compounds that enter into the reaction Products-­‐ The elements or compounds produced by the reaction Some chemical reactions release energy; others absorb energy Activation energy-­‐ The energy that is required for a chemical reaction to occur Enzymes act as biological catalysts (speed up chemical reactions) Catalyst-­‐ speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy Substrates-­‐ the reactants Active site-­‐ the part of the enzyme where the substrates bind Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules can affect the activity of enzymes Bioenergetics: 1. Describe the roles of chloroplasts and mitochondria in energy transformations (2) Chloroplasts: autotrophic eukaryotes Convert light (electromagnetic energy into chemical energy stored in food (glucose)) Mitochondria: all eukaryotes Convert chemical energy stored in food into usable energy (ATP) 2. Compare the transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration (3) Photosynthesis-­‐chlorophyll absorbs light energy and stores it in glucose / food molecules Respiration-­‐ mitochondria break down food molecules and use oxygen to produce ATP 3. Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions (3) Homeostasis and Transport 1. Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory sand/or protective structure (2) 2. Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (1) 3. Describe how membrane-­‐bound cellular organelles are involved in transport (2) Constructed Response Basic Biological Principles: 1. Describe/interpret relationships between structure/function in biological organization (1) The Chemical Basis for Life: 1. Explain how pH, temperature and concentration levels can affect enzyme function (1) Homeostasis and Transport 1. Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (1) Unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis by growing, responding to the environment, transforming energy, and reproducing The cells of multicellular organisms become specialized for particular tasks and communicate with one another to maintain homeostasis Osmoregulation-­‐water regulation Chemoregulation-­‐the regulation of chemicals Thermoregulation-­‐the regulation of body temperature (sweating and shivering) The cells of multicellular organisms communicate with one another using chemical signals passed from one cell to another Certain cells form connections to neighboring cells which hold cells together firmly Some cells allow small molecules carrying chemical signals to pass from one cell to the next MODULE 2: STUDY POINTS Cell Growth and Reproduction: 1. Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division (1) The cell cycle is the series of events in the growth and division of a cell. Prokaryotic cell cycle: the cell grows, duplicates its DNA, and divides by pinching in the cell membrane The eukaryotic cell cycle: (Interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis (P, M, A,T and cytokinesis) G1: the cell grows. S: the cell replicates its DNA. G2: the cell produces organelles and materials for division Mitosis-­the division of the nucleus (PMAT) Cytokinesis-­‐the division of the cytoplasm Prophase: chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindle forms, nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase: duplicated chromosomes on the equator; spindle fibers connect to centromeres Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and move toward the centrioles at the poles Telophase: chromosomes unwind and a nuclear envelope reforms Animal cells form a cleavage furrow: the cell membrane draws in and pinches off Plant cells form a cell plate: a new cell membrane and cell wall forms from the inside out 2. Describe how DNA replication results in the transmission/conservation of genetic information (2) Each side of DNA can reconstruct the other half by complementary base pairing DNA copies itself through the process of replication The two strands of the double helix unzip, forming replication forks New bases are added, following the rules of base pairing (A with T and G with C) Semi-­‐conservative: Each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one new strand Prokaryotic cell replication starts from a single point and proceeds in two directions Eukaryotic cell replication begins at dozens/hundreds of places moving in both directions 3. Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and chromosomes and their roles in inheritance (2) Prokaryotic chromosomes consist of a single, circular strand of DNA Eukaryotic chromosomes are organized structures composed of DNA and histone proteins The DNA winds around histone proteins, forming chromatin Chromatin coils into chromosomes during prophase Chromosomes are organized into functional units of protein forming codes called genes Genes code for one or more alleles; variations in proteins for a trait Genetics: 1. Describe and/or predict observed patterns of inheritance (2) Dominant: Strong; shows up any time a capital letter is in the genotype Recessive: Weak; only shows up if there are no dominant alleles (no capital letters) Incomplete dominance: No dominant allele; rr=red; ww=white; rw=pink (flower color) Codominance/Multiple-­‐ alleles: Blood types (IA, IB, i=O) A and B are dominant to O Sex-­‐linked: Gene on the X chromosomes; no gene on the Y chromosome; Hybrid=carrier for recessive trait; Colorblindness 2. Describe processes that can alter composition or number of chromosomes (1) Mutations are heritable changes in genetic information; two types: gene and chromosomal Chromosomal mutations caused by inappropriate segregation during anaphase Deletion-­‐the loss of all or part of a chromosome Duplication-­‐ produces an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome Inversion-­‐ reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome Translocation-­‐ occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another 3. Describe how the processes of transcription and translation are similar in all organisms (1) 4. Describe the roles of ribosomes, ER, Golgi and the nucleus in producing proteins (1) 5. Describe how genetic mutations alter DNA sequences and may/may not affect phenotype (2) Mutations are heritable changes in genetic information; two types: gene and chromosomal Mutagens are chemical or physical agents in the environment that cause mutations Errors can be made during replication Environmental conditions may increase the rate of mutation Point mutations involve only one nucleotide Substitution, one base is changed to a different base Samesense: substitution that codes for the same amino acid Missense: substitution that codes for a different amino acid Nonsense: substitution that codes for a stop codon Insertion: one or more base(s) is/are added Deletion: one or more base(s) is/are removed f Frameshift mutations: insertions or deletions that do not occur in groups of 3: shift the “reading frame” and can change every amino acid that follows the mutation 6. Explain how genetic engineering impacts the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture (1) Theory of Evolution: 1. Explain how natural selection can impact allele frequencies of a population (1) 2. Describe the factors that can contribute to the development of a new species (2) 3. Interpret evidence supporting the theory of evolution (1) 4. Distinguish between hypothesis, inference, law, theory, principle, fact and observation (1) Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world Observation-­‐ the act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way Inferences-­‐ a logical interpretation based on observations and what scientists already know Hypothesis-­ a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it Theory-­ a well-­‐tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations Ecology: 1. Describe the levels of ecological organization (1) 2. Describe characteristic biotic an abiotic components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (1) 3. Describe biotic interactions in an ecosystem (1) 4. Describe how matter recycles through an ecosystem (2) 5. Describe how ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbances (1) Constructed Response Cell Growth and Reproduction: 1. Compare the processes and outcomes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear divisions Mitosis: one cell division; two genetically identical diploid cells; occurs in somatic (body cells); produces somatic cells Meiosis: two cell divisions; four genetically different haploid cells; males= 4 sperm; females=1 egg and 3 polar bodies (do not develop) Theory of Evolution: 1. Explain how genetic mutations may result in genotypic and phenotypic variations within a population Ecology: 1. Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem