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ExplainhowRNApolymeraserecogniseswheretranscriptionshouldbegin AspecificnucleotidesequencecalledapromoterallowsRNApolymerasetorecognisethe siteoftranscription. DescribetheroleofthepromoterandtheTATAbox EukaryoticpromoterscontainasequencecalledaTATAboxwhichiscentredupstreamfrom thetranscriptionalsite.Transcriptionproteinsbindtothispromoterinitiatingtranscription byformingatranscriptioninitiatingcomplexwhichcausestheunwindingoftheDNA. Whatisthefunctionalsignificanceofintrons? IntronsarethenoncodingregionsoftheRNAthatissplicedoutbyaspliceosomeandleftin thenucleusinmRNAmodification.Thesplicingofdifferentsectionsallowsdifferent proteinstobeformedthereforecontrollinggeneexpression.Ifageneisswitchedoffitis splicedoutandleftinthenucleussonotranslationcanoccur. HowisRNAmodifiedaftertranscriptionineukaryoticcells? ThemRNAiscappedandtailed.This5’capallowsrecognitionfortranslationalmachinery whilethepolyAtailpreventsdegradation. Whatisacodonanddescribeitsrelationtothelinearsequenceofthepeptidechain? Acodonisasequenceof3basesonanmRNAmoleculethatcodesforaspecificaminoacid. EachaminoacidonapeptidechaincorrelatestothecodonsequenceofthemRNA molecule. Whatdoesitmeanwhenitissaidthatthegeneticcodeisredundantandunambiguous? Unambiguousreferstothefactthateachcodononlycodeforonespecificaminoacidsand noothers.Theideaofredundancyreferstothefactthatmorethanonecodoncancodefor thesameaminoacidsincethereareonly20andmanycombinationsofcodons. Whatisthesignificanceofwobble? Wobbleallowsthelastbaseofthecodontomatchwithanotherbasethatisnot complementaryifityieldsthesameaminoacid. Explaintheprocessoftranslationincludinginitiation,elongationandtermination Initiation:themRNAbindstothesmallribosomalsubunitandtRNAcarryingthestartcodon AUGattachestothepsitesignallingthelargeribosomalsubunittobindinordertoformthe initiationcomplex Elongation:TheaminoacyltRNAbindstotheAsiteandpeptidebondsareformedbetween theaminoacidinthePsiteandAsitebypeptidyltransferaseandtheaminoacidit transferredtothetRNAintheAsiteandthetRNAsmovethroughlikeaconveyerbelt. Translocation:whentheAsitemeetsastopcodonareleasefactornotcarryinganamino acidiscalledtothesitewhichlysesthebondingofthetRNAandpeptidechain. HowistRNAjoinedwithanappropriateaminoacid? Aminoacylsynthase e l a s e t o N 4 m 1 o r f f o w 4 e i e v g e a r P P k u . .co Defineagene,componentsandroleingeneexpression Agenehastwoparts,apromoterandcodingsequence.Thepromotorinitiatestranscription andthecodingsequenceisthepartofthegenethatistranscribed.Ageneistheentire nucleicacidsequenceneededforthesynthesisofanRNAsequence. WhatarethetwotypesofsmallscaleDNAmutations? 1. Substitution–sicklecellanaemia 2. Insertion/Deletion Defineasilent,missenseandnonsensemutation Silent–hasnoeffectontheaminoacidproducedbecauseoftheredundancycode Missense–stillcodesforanaminoacidbutthewrongone Nonsense–codesforaprematurestopcodon Describethegenotypicandphenotypiceffectsofsicklecell ItisasubstitutionmutationwhichcausesRBCstobecomesickleshapedcausingthemto becomelodgedincapillaries.ThisisbecausethesubstitutedAAcausedaproteinthatcodes foramutationofthebetachainonhaemoglobin Whydoesgeneticvariationindrugmetabolisinggenesimpactontheeffectsofdrugs? Theabilitytometaboliseadrugdictateshowlongthedrugremainsinthebody.Ifadrug hascertainsideeffectspeoplewithgenesthatdonometaboliseproperlythesideeffects areprolongedandamplifiedsincetheyremaininthebody.Ifthisisthecaseasmaller dosageofthedrugshouldbeadministered. e l a s e t o N 4 m 1 o r f f o w 5 e i e v g e a r P P k u . .co