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s te a r yd h o rb Ca Exploring the Universe of Macromolecules!!!! Carbohydrates Composed (made) of the elements carbon --- C hydrogen --- H oxygen --- O Prot eins Nucleic acids Lipids Functions of carbohydrates • Provides energy (key fuel of cells) • Energy storage (starch and glycogen) • Make up cell walls of plants (cellulose) The Basic Building Block of Carbohydrates • The simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide. Contains ONE sugar molecule. • Examples are glucose and fructose) glucose 1 Di means…..two SO a Disaccharide is two simple sugars like fructose or glucose hooked together Disaccharide: sucrose sugar cane (60%) and sugar beets (40%) Ahhh…what a sweet fact! Relative Sweetness of Sugars: Sucrose (100) Glucose (70) Fructose (170) Poly means….MANY • The largest carbohydrate molecules are polysaccharides, polymers composed of many monosaccharide subunits. (Food ex:. potatoes, liver) What are some polysaccharides?? Starch Food storage in plants 2 Cellulose Glycogen • Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals, similar to starch in plants. • It is mainly found in the liver and muscles Makes up the cell walls of plants and provides support for the plant. Lipids • made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of Water oxygen. (ie. fats, oils, waxes) and oil refuse to get along! Types of lipids • Triglycerides-- fats and oils --(made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids) • Phospholipids)—cell membrane-(made of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate group The Building Blocks of LIPIDS • Steroids—cholesterol and hormones(has no fatty acids) • Wax (fatty acid and an alcohol group) Glycerol -! Fatty acids ! 3 Saturated fats…come from animals Unsaturated fats…come from plants and have double and triple bonds [have single bonds] (more fattening) 19 Functions of Lipids • Store energy (highest calorie values per weight) • Insulation • Make up the cell membrane • Chemical messengers (steroid hormomes like testosterone and estrogen) • Barrier for water The structure of proteins • A protein is a large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Foods containing Lipids Protein functions • Make up cell structures • Enzymes (speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the cell) • Hormones (insulin-needed for cells to absorb glucose) • Transport oxygen (hemoglobin) 4 The structure of proteins The structure of proteins • The basic building blocks of proteins are called amino acids. • Peptide bonds are covalent bonds formed between amino acids that hold them together. • There are about 20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of proteins. SO a protein is just like a pearl necklace…..a lot of amino acids hooked together to make a protein • 2 peptides is called a dipeptide Peptide bonds • 3-9 peptides is called a polypeptide AA AA AA • Many amino acids with lots of folding is called a protein AA How many types of amino acids are there in living things? Eggs Chicken Steak • There are about 20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of proteins. Fish 5 What is the function of an enzyme? • Enzymes (which are proteins) speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the cell. Function of nucleic acids • Store hereditary information What are Nucleic Acids?? Nucleic acids contain the elements C, H, O, N, and Phosphorus What are they made of ???? Nucleic acids are made of NUCLEOTIDES • Store information needed to make proteins Sugar The two most important types of nucleic acids are: Review • 1. What are the 4 types of macromolecules? • DNA or RNA….the molecules that have our inherited information • 2. Meat would be an example of what type(s)? • 3. Potatoes would be an example of what type? 6 Review continued • 4. Cooking oil would be an example of what type? • 7. Which contains mostly hydrogen (H) and carbon ( C ) with a little oxygen ( O )? • 5. RNA and DNA are examples of what type? • 8. Which contains C , H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio? • 6. What are the main elements that compose these organic macromolecules? • 9. Which also contains nitrogen (N)? • 10. Which also contains phosphorus (P)? 7