Download Carbohydrates

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Exploring the Universe of
Macromolecules!!!!
Carbohydrates
Composed (made) of the elements
carbon --- C
hydrogen --- H
oxygen --- O
Prot
eins
Nucleic
acids
Lipids
Functions of carbohydrates
• Provides energy (key fuel of cells)
• Energy storage (starch and glycogen)
• Make up cell walls of plants (cellulose)
The Basic Building Block of
Carbohydrates
• The simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple
sugar called a monosaccharide. Contains ONE
sugar molecule.
• Examples are glucose and fructose)
glucose
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Di means…..two
SO a Disaccharide is two simple sugars like
fructose or glucose hooked together
Disaccharide: sucrose
sugar cane (60%) and sugar beets (40%)
Ahhh…what
a sweet fact!
Relative Sweetness of
Sugars:
Sucrose (100)
Glucose (70)
Fructose (170)
Poly means….MANY
• The largest carbohydrate molecules are
polysaccharides, polymers composed of many
monosaccharide subunits. (Food ex:. potatoes, liver)
What are some polysaccharides??
Starch
Food storage in plants
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Cellulose
Glycogen
• Glycogen is the storage form of glucose
in animals, similar to starch in plants.
• It is mainly found in the liver and muscles
Makes up the
cell walls of
plants and
provides
support for the
plant.
Lipids
• made mostly of carbon and
hydrogen with a small amount of
Water
oxygen. (ie. fats, oils, waxes)
and oil
refuse
to get
along!
Types of lipids
• Triglycerides-- fats and oils --(made of
glycerol and 3 fatty acids)
• Phospholipids)—cell membrane-(made of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1
phosphate group
The Building Blocks of LIPIDS
• Steroids—cholesterol and hormones(has no fatty acids)
• Wax (fatty acid and an alcohol group)
Glycerol
-!
Fatty acids !
3
Saturated
fats…come
from
animals
Unsaturated fats…come from plants
and have double and triple bonds
[have single
bonds]
(more
fattening)
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Functions of Lipids
• Store energy (highest calorie values
per weight)
• Insulation
• Make up the cell membrane
• Chemical messengers (steroid
hormomes like testosterone and
estrogen)
• Barrier for water
The structure of proteins
• A protein is a large, complex
polymer composed of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sometimes sulfur.
Foods containing Lipids
Protein functions
• Make up cell structures
• Enzymes (speed up the rate of
chemical reactions in the cell)
• Hormones (insulin-needed for cells to
absorb glucose)
• Transport oxygen (hemoglobin)
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The structure of proteins
The structure of proteins
• The basic building blocks of proteins
are called amino acids.
• Peptide bonds are covalent bonds
formed between amino acids that hold
them together.
• There are about 20 common amino
acids that can make literally
thousands of proteins.
SO a protein is just like a pearl
necklace…..a lot of amino acids hooked
together to make a protein
• 2 peptides is called a dipeptide
Peptide bonds
• 3-9 peptides is called a polypeptide
AA
AA
AA
• Many amino acids with lots of folding
is called a protein
AA
How many types of amino acids
are there in living things?
Eggs
Chicken
Steak
• There are about 20 common amino
acids that can make literally
thousands of proteins.
Fish
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What is the function of an
enzyme?
• Enzymes (which are proteins) speed up
the rate of chemical reactions in the cell.
Function of nucleic acids
• Store hereditary information
What are Nucleic Acids??
Nucleic acids contain the elements
C, H, O, N, and Phosphorus
What are they made of ????
Nucleic acids are made of
NUCLEOTIDES
• Store information needed to make
proteins
Sugar
The two most important types of
nucleic acids are:
Review
• 1. What are the 4 types of
macromolecules?
• DNA or RNA….the molecules that
have our inherited information
• 2. Meat would be an example of what
type(s)?
• 3. Potatoes would be an example of what
type?
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Review continued
• 4. Cooking oil would be an example of
what type?
• 7. Which contains mostly hydrogen (H)
and carbon ( C ) with a little oxygen ( O )?
• 5. RNA and DNA are examples of what
type?
• 8. Which contains C , H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio?
• 6. What are the main elements that
compose these organic macromolecules?
• 9. Which also contains nitrogen (N)?
• 10. Which also contains phosphorus (P)?
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