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Transcript
Ch. 7 – Eukaryotic Cell Organelles AP Biology Originally prepared by Kim B. Foglia. Revised and adapted by Nhan A. Pham Why cells? Why organelles? Make energy Regents Biology Make proteins Make more cells Types of cells Regents Biology Cell Size Comparison Regents Biology Cell size comparison most bacteria § 1-10 microns eukaryotic cells § 10-100 microns Regents Biology § micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter § diameter of human hair = ~20 microns Why study cells? § Cells → Tissues → Organs → Bodies § All living things are made up of cells § Cells do all the work of life! Regents Biology The Work of Life What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live? § “breathe” – gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out) § eat – take in and digest food § make energy (ATP) § build molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids) § remove wastes § control internal conditions (homeostasis) § respond to external environment § build more cells § growth, repair, reproduction & development Regents Biology What do organelles do? 1. make energy - cells need energy for activities - for growth 2. make proteins - proteins do all the work in cell 3. make more cells - cell growth - cepair damaged or diseased cells - renewal Regents Biology Why organelles? § Specialized structures - specialized functions § Containers - divide cell into compartments - create different local environments (separate pH’s, or concentration of materials) - distinct and incompatible functions Regents Biology 1. Cells make energy § to fuel daily life and Regents Biology growth, the cell must… - take in food and digest it - take in O2 - make ATP - remove waste § The organelles involved - cell membrane - lysosomes - vesicles and vacuoles - mitochondria Cell membrane § Function - separates cell from outside - controls what enters or leaves cell (O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste) - allows communication between cells § Structure - double layer of phospholipid - receptor molecules Regents Biology cytoplasm §jelly-like material holding organelles in place cell membrane §cell boundary §controls movement of materials in and out Regents Biology §recognizes signals Vacuoles food vacuole plant cells central vacuole animal cells Regents Biology contractile vacuole Vacuoles § Function - food vacuoles (transfer food from outside of cell, fuse with lysosomes) - contractile vacuoles (in freshwater protists, pump excess H2O out of cell) - central vacuoles (in many mature plant cells) Regents Biology cytoplasm §jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles §transport inside cells §storage cell membrane §cell boundary §controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology §recognizes signals Lysosomes and Food Vacuoles § Function - food vacuoles take food into the cell in digest food to make energy - clean up and recycle broken organelles § Structure - membrane-bound sac of digestive enzymes Regents Biology Lysosomes and Food Vacuoles Regents Biology When lysosomes don’t work… § Defective digestive enzymes in lysosomes pick up biomolecules but can’t digest them § Over time, fill up with undigested material and grow larger and larger until disrupt cellular function Ex: Tay-Sachs disease – build up undigested fat in brain cells Regents Biology Sometimes cells need to die… § Some cells have to die for proper development in an organism § Apoptosis (auto-destruct) process Ex: tadpole tail gets reabsorbed when it turns into a frog Ex: loss of webbing between your fingers during fetal development Regents Biology Syndactyly 6 weeks 15 weeks Regents Biology cytoplasm §jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles §transport inside cells §storage cell membrane §cell boundary §controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology §recognizes signals lysosome §food digestion §garbage disposal & recycling Mitochondria § Function - make energy (ATP) from food (cellular respiration) sugar + O2 → ATP - fuels the work of life § Structure - double membrane in both animal and plant cells Regents Biology cytoplasm §jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles §transport inside cells §storage mitochondria §make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane §cell boundary §controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology §recognizes signals lysosome §food digestion §garbage disposal & recycling How plants make energy § Chloroplasts - make energy and sugar from sunlight - photosynthesis - ATP = active energy - sugar = stored energy - build leaves, roots, and fruits out of sugar § Mitochondria - make energy from sugar + O2 - cellular respiration Regents Biology Mitochondria are in both cells plant cells animal cells mitochondria Regents Biology chloroplast cytoplasm §jelly-like material around organelles central vacuole §storage: food, water or waste mitochondria §make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane §cell boundary §controls movement of materials in & out §recognizes signals Regents Biology cell wall §support chloroplast §make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome §digestion & clean up 2. Cells make proteins one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! structural enzymes signals receptors DNA Regents Biology proteins cells 2. Cells make proteins § to run daily life and grow, the cell must… - read genes (DNA) - build proteins (structural, enzymes, signal, receptor proteins) § Organelles involved: - nucleus - ribosomes - endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - Golgi apparatus Regents Biology Nucleus § Function - “control center” of cell, contains DNA - protects DNA § Structure - nuclear membrane - nucleolus (ribosome factory) Regents Biology cytoplasm §jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles §transport inside cells §storage lysosome §food digestion §garbage disposal & recycling nucleolus §produces ribosomes nucleus §protects DNA §controls cell chromosomes §DNA mitochondria §make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane §cell boundary §controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology §recognizes signals Ribosomes § Function - produce protein - read instructions from DNA to build proteins § Structure - some free in cytoplasm - some attached to ER Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth ER Regents Biology 0.08µm cytoplasm §jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles §transport inside cells §storage mitochondria §make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane §cell boundary §controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology §recognizes signals lysosome §food digestion §garbage disposal & recycling nucleolus §produces ribosomes nucleus §protects DNA §controls cell ribosomes §build proteins Endoplasmic Reticulum § Function - process the proteins built by ribosomes - rough ER makes membranes - smooth ER makes lipids and detoxifies cell § Structure - membrane connected to nuclear envelope and extends throughout cell Regents Biology cytoplasm §jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles §transport inside cells §storage lysosome §food digestion §garbage disposal & recycling ribosomes §builds proteins mitochondria §make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane §cell boundary §controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology §recognizes signals nucleus §protects DNA §controls cell ER §works on proteins §makes membranes Golgi Apparatus § Function - finishes, sorts, labels proteins and other cell products - ships products in vesicles (like UPS trucks) § Structure - membrane-bound flattened sacs Regents Biology vesicles carrying proteins transport vesicles cytoplasm §jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles §transport inside cells §storage lysosome §food digestion §garbage disposal & recycling ribosomes §builds proteins mitochondria §make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane §cell boundary §controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology §recognizes signals nucleus §protects DNA §controls cell ER §helps finish proteins §makes membranes Golgi apparatus §finishes, packages & ships proteins endoplasmic reticulum nucleus protein on its way! DNA RNA vesicle TO: TO: TO: vesicle ribosomes TO: finished protein protein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins Regents Biology nucleus §control cell §protects DNA nucleolus §make ribosomes ribosomes §make proteins cytoplasm §jelly-like material around organelles central vacuole §storage: food, water or waste Golgi apparatus §finish & ship proteins cell wall §support mitochondria §make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane §cell boundary §controls movement of materials in & out §recognizes signals Regents Biology endoplasmic reticulum §processes proteins §makes membranes chloroplast §make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome §digestion & clean up 3. Cells make more cells § Making more cells - to replace, repair and grow, the cell must… - copy their DNA - make extra organelles - divide the new DNA and new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells § Organelles involved: - nucleus - centrioles Regents Biology Centrioles § Function - help coordinate cell division - only in animal cells § Structure - one pair in each cell Regents Biology cytoplasm §jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles §transport inside cells §storage lysosome §food digestion §garbage disposal & recycling nucleus §protects DNA §controls cell centrioles §cell division ribosomes §builds proteins mitochondria §make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane §cell boundary §controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology §recognizes signals ER §helps finish proteins §makes membranes Golgi apparatus §finishes, packages & ships proteins What do cells (their organelles) do? 1. make energy - cells need energy for activities - for growth 2. make proteins - proteins do all the work in cell 3. make more cells - cell growth - cepair damaged or diseased cells - renewal Regents Biology