Download Eurakyotic Cell Organelles

Ch. 7 – Eukaryotic Cell
Organelles
AP Biology
Originally prepared by Kim B. Foglia.
Revised and adapted by Nhan A. Pham
Why cells?
Why
organelles?
Make
energy
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Make
proteins
Make more
cells
Types of cells
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Cell Size Comparison
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Cell size comparison
most bacteria
§  1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells
§  10-100 microns
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§  micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter
§  diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
Why study cells?
§  Cells → Tissues → Organs →
Bodies
§  All living things are made up of
cells
§  Cells do all the work of life!
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The Work of Life
What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to
live?
§  “breathe” – gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out)
§  eat – take in and digest food
§  make energy (ATP)
§  build molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, fats,
nucleic acids)
§  remove wastes
§  control internal conditions (homeostasis)
§  respond to external environment
§  build more cells
§  growth, repair, reproduction & development
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What do organelles do?
1.  make energy
-  cells need energy for activities
-  for growth
2.  make proteins
-  proteins do all the work in cell
3.  make more cells
-  cell growth
-  cepair damaged or diseased cells
-  renewal
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Why organelles?
§  Specialized structures
-  specialized functions
§  Containers
-  divide cell into
compartments
-  create different local
environments
(separate pH’s, or
concentration of
materials)
-  distinct and
incompatible functions
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1. Cells make energy
§  to fuel daily life and
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growth, the cell must…
-  take in food and
digest it
-  take in O2
-  make ATP
-  remove waste
§  The organelles involved
-  cell membrane
-  lysosomes
-  vesicles and
vacuoles
-  mitochondria
Cell membrane
§  Function
-  separates cell from
outside
-  controls what enters or
leaves cell (O2, CO2, food,
H2O, nutrients, waste)
-  allows communication
between cells
§  Structure
-  double layer of
phospholipid
-  receptor molecules
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cytoplasm
§jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
cell membrane
§cell boundary
§controls movement
of materials in and out
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§recognizes
signals
Vacuoles
food vacuole
plant cells
central vacuole
animal cells
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contractile
vacuole
Vacuoles
§  Function
-  food vacuoles
(transfer food from
outside of cell, fuse
with lysosomes)
-  contractile vacuoles
(in freshwater
protists, pump
excess H2O out of
cell)
-  central vacuoles
(in many mature
plant cells)
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cytoplasm
§jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
§transport inside cells
§storage
cell membrane
§cell boundary
§controls movement
of materials in & out
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§recognizes
signals
Lysosomes and Food Vacuoles
§  Function
-  food vacuoles
take food into the
cell in digest food
to make energy
-  clean up and
recycle broken
organelles
§  Structure
-  membrane-bound
sac of digestive
enzymes
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Lysosomes and Food Vacuoles
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When lysosomes don’t work…
§  Defective digestive enzymes
in lysosomes pick up
biomolecules but can’t digest
them
§  Over time, fill up with
undigested material and grow
larger and larger until disrupt
cellular function
Ex: Tay-Sachs disease – build
up undigested fat
in brain cells
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Sometimes cells need to die…
§  Some cells have to die for
proper development in an
organism
§  Apoptosis (auto-destruct)
process
Ex: tadpole tail gets reabsorbed
when it turns into a frog
Ex: loss of webbing
between your
fingers during fetal
development
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Syndactyly
6 weeks
15 weeks
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cytoplasm
§jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
§transport inside cells
§storage
cell membrane
§cell boundary
§controls movement
of materials in & out
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§recognizes
signals
lysosome
§food digestion
§garbage disposal &
recycling
Mitochondria
§  Function
-  make energy (ATP)
from food (cellular
respiration)
sugar + O2 → ATP
-  fuels the work of life
§  Structure
-  double membrane
in both animal and
plant cells
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cytoplasm
§jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
§transport inside cells
§storage
mitochondria
§make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
§cell boundary
§controls movement
of materials in & out
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§recognizes
signals
lysosome
§food digestion
§garbage disposal &
recycling
How plants make energy
§  Chloroplasts
-  make energy and sugar from
sunlight
-  photosynthesis
-  ATP = active energy
-  sugar = stored energy
-  build leaves, roots, and fruits
out of sugar
§  Mitochondria
-  make energy from sugar + O2
-  cellular respiration
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Mitochondria are in both cells
plant cells
animal cells
mitochondria
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chloroplast
cytoplasm
§jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
§storage: food,
water or waste
mitochondria
§make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
§cell boundary
§controls movement
of materials in & out
§recognizes signals
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cell wall
§support
chloroplast
§make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
§digestion & clean up
2. Cells make proteins
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,
because…
proteins do all the work!
structural
enzymes
signals
receptors
DNA
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proteins
cells
2. Cells make proteins
§  to run daily life and grow,
the cell must…
-  read genes (DNA)
-  build proteins (structural,
enzymes, signal, receptor
proteins)
§  Organelles involved:
-  nucleus
-  ribosomes
-  endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
-  Golgi apparatus
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Nucleus
§  Function
-  “control center” of cell,
contains DNA
-  protects DNA
§  Structure
-  nuclear membrane
-  nucleolus (ribosome
factory)
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cytoplasm
§jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
§transport inside cells
§storage
lysosome
§food digestion
§garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleolus
§produces
ribosomes
nucleus
§protects DNA
§controls cell
chromosomes
§DNA
mitochondria
§make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
§cell boundary
§controls movement
of materials in & out
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§recognizes
signals
Ribosomes
§  Function
-  produce protein
-  read instructions from DNA to build proteins
§  Structure
-  some free in cytoplasm
-  some attached to ER
Ribosomes
Rough
ER
Smooth
ER
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0.08µm
cytoplasm
§jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
§transport inside cells
§storage
mitochondria
§make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
§cell boundary
§controls movement
of materials in & out
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§recognizes
signals
lysosome
§food digestion
§garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleolus
§produces
ribosomes
nucleus
§protects DNA
§controls cell
ribosomes
§build proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
§  Function
-  process the proteins built
by ribosomes
-  rough ER makes
membranes
-  smooth ER makes lipids
and detoxifies cell
§  Structure
-  membrane connected to
nuclear envelope and
extends throughout cell
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cytoplasm
§jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
§transport inside cells
§storage
lysosome
§food digestion
§garbage disposal &
recycling
ribosomes
§builds proteins
mitochondria
§make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
§cell boundary
§controls movement
of materials in & out
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§recognizes
signals
nucleus
§protects DNA
§controls cell
ER
§works on proteins
§makes membranes
Golgi Apparatus
§  Function
-  finishes, sorts, labels
proteins and other cell
products
-  ships products in
vesicles (like UPS trucks)
§  Structure
-  membrane-bound
flattened sacs
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vesicles
carrying proteins
transport vesicles
cytoplasm
§jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
§transport inside cells
§storage
lysosome
§food digestion
§garbage disposal &
recycling
ribosomes
§builds proteins
mitochondria
§make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
§cell boundary
§controls movement
of materials in & out
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§recognizes
signals
nucleus
§protects DNA
§controls cell
ER
§helps finish proteins
§makes membranes
Golgi apparatus
§finishes, packages
& ships proteins
endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleus
protein
on its way!
DNA
RNA
vesicle
TO:
TO:
TO:
vesicle
ribosomes
TO:
finished
protein
protein
Golgi
apparatus
Making Proteins
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nucleus
§control cell
§protects DNA
nucleolus
§make ribosomes
ribosomes
§make proteins
cytoplasm
§jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
§storage: food,
water or waste
Golgi apparatus
§finish & ship
proteins
cell wall
§support
mitochondria
§make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
§cell boundary
§controls movement
of materials in & out
§recognizes
signals
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endoplasmic reticulum
§processes proteins
§makes membranes
chloroplast
§make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
§digestion & clean up
3. Cells make more cells
§  Making more cells
-  to replace, repair and
grow, the cell must…
-  copy their DNA
-  make extra organelles
-  divide the new DNA and
new organelles between
2 new “daughter” cells
§  Organelles involved:
-  nucleus
-  centrioles
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Centrioles
§  Function
-  help coordinate cell division
-  only in animal cells
§  Structure
-  one pair in each cell
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cytoplasm
§jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
§transport inside cells
§storage
lysosome
§food digestion
§garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleus
§protects DNA
§controls cell
centrioles
§cell division
ribosomes
§builds proteins
mitochondria
§make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
§cell boundary
§controls movement
of materials in & out
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§recognizes
signals
ER
§helps finish proteins
§makes membranes
Golgi apparatus
§finishes, packages
& ships proteins
What do cells (their organelles) do?
1.  make energy
-  cells need energy for activities
-  for growth
2.  make proteins
-  proteins do all the work in cell
3.  make more cells
-  cell growth
-  cepair damaged or diseased cells
-  renewal
Regents Biology