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Cellular Respiration Chapter 9 CP Biology Chemical Pathways Energy ◦ food is source of E for cells ◦ calorie=the amount of E needed to raise the temp of 1 gram water 1 degree Celsius ◦ cells don’t burn glucose gradually release E Chemical Pathways cellular respiration ◦ =process that releases E by breaking down glucose and other food molecules ◦ aerobic =in the presence of oxygen ◦ anaerobic= oxygen is NOT present ◦ 602 + C6H1206 6CO2 + 6H20 + E ◦ 3 stages: 1. glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) 3. electron transport Cellular Respiration~aerobic Chemical Pathways 1. glycolysis ◦ 1 molecule of glucose (6-C) is broken in half producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3-C) ◦ CCCCCC CCC CCC ◦ glucose pyruvic acid ◦ cell gains 2 ATP ◦ e- carrier NAD accepts a pair of H-E e- NADH Krebs cycle 2. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) ◦ aerobic ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ glycolysis Krebs cycle e-TC mitochondrion pyruvic acid (CCC) broken down into CO2 in a series of E extracting reactions pyruvate CCC mitochondrion CO2 (released in air) other 2 CC 2 E carriers accept H-E e-s NAD+ NADH and FAD FADH2 carry E to e-TC 3. Electron Transport uses H-E e- from Krebs to convert ADP ATP eukaryotes: series of proteins embedded in the inner membrane of mitochondrion prokaryotes: same chain in cell membrane H-E e- move from 1 carrier protein to the next E is used to move H ions across membrane (ATP synthase) every rotation of ATPase phosphate group is added to A-P-P A-P-P~P absence of oxygen 2 ATP (glycolysis) presence of oxygen 34 more ATP glycolysis + Krebs + e-TC 36 ATP per glucose Chemical Pathways fermentation (anerobic) ◦ = releases E from food molecules by producing ATP ◦ cells convert NADH back into the e-carrier (NAD+) needed for glycolysis ◦ 1. alcoholic yeasts and alcohols pyruvic acid + NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ ◦ 2. lactic acid builds in muscles during strenuous exercise pyruvic acid + NADH lactic acid + NAD+ Chemical Pathways Chemical Pathways glycolysis aerobic Krebs cycle e-TC anaerobic fermentation alcoholic lactic acid totals glycolysis produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose w/o O, that’s all the E a cell can extract from each glucose molecule) w/ O, Krebs cycle & e-TC enable the cell to produce 34 more ATP molecules per glucose molecule, in addition to the 2 ATP obtained from glycolysis 18xs as much ATP can be generated from glucose in presence of O ◦ 36 ATP = 38% of the total E of glucose; other 62% lost as heat 1 mole of glucose (~180 g) contains 686 Kcal of E) 1Kcal = 1000 calories ◦ How much E does respiration yield from 1 mole glucose? 686 Kcal x .38 = 261 kcal ◦ How much E is lost as heat? 686 Kcal x .62 = 425 kcal OR 686 kcal – 261 kcal = 425 kcal Energy & Exercise one glucose stores 90x as much E than ATP quick ◦ cells only contain small amounts of ATP (from glycolysis & CR) ◦ muscles contain only enough ATP for few seconds producing ATP from LA (enough E to last ~ 90 seconds) ◦ LA is a byproduct rid oxygen pathway oxygen debt= using oxygen faster than you are taking it in long term (longer than 90 seconds) ◦ CR is the only way to generate a continuous supply of ATP ◦ CR releases E more slowly that fermentation ◦ body stores E in muscles & other tissues in the form of glycogen (carbohydrate)which usually lasts ~ 15 to 20 minutes ◦ after that, your body begins to break down other stored molecules (fats, for E) FYI… quick, heavy weight lifting = 100% anaerobic running (marathon) = 99% aerobic soccer or basketball = 20% anaerobic 80% aerobic ATP production can be improved through training resistance vs endurance anaerobic springs & similar bursts of E and tolerance of LA aerobic long runs can level of glycogen in muscles