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Name: _______________________________________________ Date: __________ Key Concepts Select the term that best completes the statement. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. alleles dominant genes genotype heredity phenotype recessive sexual reproduction trait ____ 1. During _______, a cell containing genetic information from each parent combines to form a new cell. ____ 2. A(n) _______ allele is one that is expressed even if only one copy is present in the genotype. ____ 3. _______ are various forms of the same gene. ____ 4. _______ are units of heredity that code for particular traits. ____ 5. _______ describes the genes that make up an organism. Extended Response Answer the following question on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper. 6. Explain what happened when Mendel crossed pea plants that were true-breeding for regular height with pea plants that were true-breeding for dwarf height. What did he conclude from this experiment? Use these terms in your answer: traits, factors, and masked. Key Concepts Choose the letter of the best answer. ____ 7. A complete Punnett square shows A. how all the offspring will look B. how an offspring's alleles might combine C. only the dominant alleles in parents and offspring D. how parents' alleles might combine in offspring ____ 8. A poodle with black fur (BB) is crossed with a poodle with brown fur (bb). What is the probability that the offspring will be black? A. 25 percent B. 50 percent C. 75 percent D. 100 percent ____ 9. What is the probability that the offspring of two human parents will be a female? A. 25 percent B. 50 percent C. 75 percent D. 100 percent Unsaved Test, Version: 1 1 ____ 10. A ratio that compares a number to 100 is a(n) A. percentage B. probability C. Punnet number D. prediction Extended Response Answer the following question on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper. 11. In pea plants, the allele for green pods (G) is dominant over the allele for yellow pods (g). Draw a Punnett square that shows a cross between two parents that both have the genotype Gg. What is the probability that offspring from this cross will have green pods? What is the ratio of plants with green pods to those with yellow pods? Key Concepts If the statement is true, write "true" on the line. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make it true. __________ 12. Cells divide twice during meiosis. __________ 13. A gamete contains twice the usual number of chromosomes. __________ 14. Eggs form in the reproductive organs of a female. __________ 15. Meiosis takes place when an egg and sperm combine to form a new cell. __________ 16. All cells go through meiosis. Extended Response Answer the following question on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper. 17. Each 2n cell of a fruit fly has eight chromosomes. For a single fruitfly cell undergoing meiosis, describe the chromosomes at the end of each of meiosis I and meiosis II. Key Concepts Select the term that best completes the statement. A. B. C. D. E. amino acids bases DNA replication RNA ____ 18. A molecule of _______ has the shape of a double-stranded spiral. ____ 19. DNA is made up of fair _______. ____ 20. The genetic code is copied during the process of _______. ____ 21. A protein is made up of a particular sequence of _______. Unsaved Test, Version: 1 2 ____ 22. _______ links amino acids into chains that form proteins. Extended Response Answer the following question on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper. 23. Summarize the process by which DNA, mRNA, and tRNA make proteins. Use these terms: replication, transcription, and translation. Unsaved Test, Version: 1 3 Answer Key 1. H. sexual reproduction 2. B. dominant 3. A. alleles 4. C. genes 5. D. genotype 6. 4 pointsfor a response that correctly summarizes Mendel's results and uses all three terms Sample: Mendel crossed true-breeding pea plants to study how various traits were inherited. For example, he crossed a true-breeding regular height plant with a true-breeding dwarf plant. He observed that the dwarf-heighttraitseemed to disappear in the first generation. This trait then reappeared in later generations. Mendel concluded that each plant must have factors two for each possible trait-one factor coming from each parent. He also concluded that some traits could masked be . 3 points:correctly summarizes Mendel's results using two terms 2 points:correctly summarizes Mendel's results using one term 1 point:partially summarizes Mendel's results or uses one term 7. D. how parents' alleles might combine in offspring 8. D. 100 percent 9. B. 50 percent 10. A. percentage 11. 4 pointsfor a response that includes a complete Punnett square, the correct probability, and correct ratio Answer: Please see the Punnett square below. There is a 3 in 4 chance, or 75 percent probability, that the offspring will have green pods. The ratio of plants with green pods to those with yellow pods is 3:1. 12. True 13. False / half 14. True 15. False / fertilization 16. False / Only cells that are to become gametes 17. 4 pointsfor a response that correctly describes the chromosomes at the end of each stage Sample: After meiosis I, each of two daughter cells has one set of doubled homologs. After meiosis II is complete, there are four daughter cells, each of which has four chromosomes-one set of homologs. 3 points:correctly describes the chromosomes at the end of both stages 2 points:correctly describes the chromosomes at the end of one stage 1 point:partially describes the chromosomes at the end of one stage 18. C. DNA 19. B. bases Unsaved Test, Version: 1 4 20. D. replication 21. A. amino acids 22. E. RNA 23. 4 points for a response that correctly explains the role of both DNA and RNA in protein synthesis and where the activity takes place, using all five terms Sample: DNA is the genetic material that carries the instructions that enable cells to produce proteins. During replication, DNA is copied to ensure that these instructions are passed on during cell division. To make proteins, the information from DNA is transferred to RNA in a process called transcription. During this process, a single complementary strand of mRNA is produced from DNA. The mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where translation takes place. During translation, information on the mRNA is decoded by tRNA, which brings together amino acids needed to produce a protein. 3 points: partially explains the role of both DNA and RNA in protein synthesis, using three terms 2 points: partially explains the role of both DNA and RNA in protein synthesis, using two terms 1 point: explains the role of either RNA or DNA in protein synthesis, using one term Unsaved Test, Version: 1 5 Standards Summary CA 7.2.b Students know sexual reproduction produces offspring that inherit half their genes from each parent. CA 7.2.d Students know plant and animal cells contain many thousands of different genes and typically have two copies of every gene. The two copies (or alleles) of the gene may or may not be identical, and one may be dominant in determining the phenotype while the other is recessive. CA 7.2.c Students know an inherited trait can be determined by one or more genes. CA 7.2.a Students know the differences between the life cycles and reproduction methods of sexual and asexual organisms. CA 7.2.e Students know DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material of living organisms and is located in the chromosomes of each cell. Unsaved Test, Version: 1 6