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Transcript
TISSUES AND ORGANS CHAPTER 1.1 - PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS ROBERT HOOKE IGNAZ PHILIPP SEMMELWEIS JOSEPH LISTER CELL THEORY PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS 1. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS CELL - THE BASIC FUNCTIONING UNIT OF LIFE 2. THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE 3. ALL CELLS COME FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS ist10_ch01.qxd 7/22/09 3:23 PM Page 10 Cell Parts and Their Functions W O R D S M AT T E R The word “cell” is derived from the Latin word cellula, meaning small compartment. The word “cyto,” as in cytoplasm, is from the Greek root meaning cell. All living things are made of cells. Our bodies are made up of between 10 trillion (1013) and 100 trillion (1014) cells. A cell is the basic unit of life. Each cell contains smaller parts called organelles. These organelles have special functions that maintain all the life processes of the cell, including: • intake of nutrients ist10_ch01.qxd 7/22/09 3:23 PM Page 11 • exchange of gases • movement • waste removal • growth • reproduction • response to stimuli There are two types of cells: plant cells and animal cells (Figures 1.5 and 1.6). nucleus nucleus rough endoplasmic reticulum nucleolus chromatin rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum chromatin nucleolus smooth endoplasmic reticulum cell membrane ribosomes (small brown dots) central vacuole Golgi apparatus cytoskeleton PLANT ANIMAL cytoskeleton cytoplasm ribosomes (small brown dots) mitochondrion vacuole chloroplast cell membrane Golgi apparatus cell wall cytoplasm wall of adjacent cell mitochondrion Figure 1.5 A plant cell 10 UNIT A Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things lysosome Figure 1.6 An animal cell Structures and Organelles in Cells A cell contains structures and organelles that carry out various functions. Although all cells must perform the tasks that maintain life, not all cells are identical. Therefore, some structures and organelles are the same in both plant and animal cells while other structures and ORGANELLES - SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES WITHIN A LIVING CELL. FUNCTIONS: THE CELL CITY USING THE HANDOUT “THE CELL CITY” AND PAGES 12-15 OF YOUR TEXTBOOK FOR EACH ORGANELLE DESCRIBE: INTAKE OF NUTRIENTS MOVEMENT THEIR STRUCTURE GROWTH THEIR FUNCTION RESPONSE TO STIMULI THE PART THAT THEY WOULD PLAY IN A ‘CITY’ EXCHANGE OF GASES IN A GROUP OF 4 DRAW A ‘CELL CITY’ WASTE REMOVAL NOTE: FUNCTIONS ARE EASIER TO REMEMBER WHEN PICTURED REPRODUCTION Organelle Structure Functions “City Function” •protective layer Cell Membrane •double layer •regulates of lipids passage of materials inside and outside ORGANELLES security guard and wall LABEL THE HANDOUT: CELL ORGANELLES CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE: A DOUBLE LAYER OF LIPIDS; A FATLIKE MOLECULE FUNCTION: REGULATES THAT PASSAGE OF MATERIALS HIGH ist10_ch01.qxd 7/22/09 3:23 PM Page 12 LOW cell membrane nucleus cytoplasm Figure 1.7 A cell showing the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and large nucleus (magnification 6000!) Cell Membrane Every cell has a cell membrane that forms a protective barrier around the cell (Figure 1.7). The cell membrane is made of a double layer of lipids. A lipid is a fat-like molecule that does not dissolve in water. The cell membrane is designed to allow different substances to move through it. One process for moving substances across the cell membrane is called diffusion. Diffusion depends on the concentration of the substance on both sides of membrane. The amount of dissolved particles, called solutes, in a solution is the concentration. When a substance is present in different concentrations on either side of the cell membrane, the particles will diffuse, or move, from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration (Figure 1.8). substances area of high concentration HIGH movement of substances cell membrane area of low concentration (a) LOW (b) (c ) Figure 1.8 (a) There is a higher concentration of substances on one side of the cell membrane. (b) The substances move to the side that has a lower concentration until a balanced state, called equilibrium, is attained. (c) When equilibrium is reached, the substances diffuse across the cell membrane in both directions. Cytoplasm All cells contain cytoplasm, a jelly-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles (Figure 1.7). Cytoplasm contains the nutrients required by the cell to carry on its life processes. The organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm. The physical nature of the cytoplasm allows the nutrients and organelles to move within the cell. CYTOPLASM STRUCTURE DIFFUSION A JELLY-LIKE SUBSTANCE THAT FILLS THE CELL DEPENDS ON THE CONCENTRATION OF THE SUBSTANCE ON BOTH SIDES OF MEMBRANE PARTICLES WILL DIFFUSE, OR MOVE, FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION CONTAINS NUTRIENTS FOR CELL PROCESSES FUNCTION ALLOWS STUFF TO MOVE OSMOSIS - THE DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A MEMBRANE NUCLEUS DISSOLVES WASTE DNA STRUCTURE STRUCTURE SPHERICAL MEMBRANE WITH PORES AND NUCLEOLUS CHROMATIN CHROMOSOMES FUNCTION CONTAINS DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCL EIC ACID) CONTAINS THE CODED INFORMATION FOR MAKING PROTEINS AND OTHER MOLECULES. FUNCTION CONTROL CENTRE FOR ALL CELL ACTIVITY VACUOLES AND VESICLES STRUCTURE MEMBRANEBOUND ORGANELLES FUNCTION STORE NUTRIENTS, WASTES CHROMATIN CHROMOSOME IN PLANTS THEY GIVE SHAPE TO CELL LYSOSOMES MITOCHONDRIA STRUCTURE SMALL MEMBRANED STRUCTURE; ROD SHAPED FUNCTION CONVERTS CHEMICAL ENERGY SO THAT IT CAN BE USED ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRUCTURE INTERCONNECTED SMALL TUBES FUNCTION ROUGH - WORK WITH RIBOSOMES TO ASSEMBLE PROTEINS SMOOTH PRODUCE FATS AND OILS STRUCTURE SMALL MEMBRANE BOUND CONTAINING ENZYMES FUNCTION TO SPEED UP REACTIONS TO BREAK DOW BACTERIA OR DAMAGED CELLS GOLGI APPARATUS STRUCTURE A STACK OF FLATTENED MEMBRANES FUNCTION MODIFY, SORT, AND PACKAGE THESE PROTEINS FROM THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM CYTOSKELETON STRUCTURE INTERNAL NETWORK OF FIBRES - PROTEIN FILAMENTS FUNCTION MAINTAIN THE CELL’S SHAPE; MOVES STRUCTURES CHLOROPLASTS CELL WALL STRUCTURE STRUCTURE CONTAINS CHLOROPHYL RIGID FRAME OF CELLULOSE STACK OF THYLAKOIDS FUNCTION FUNCTION PROVIDES STRENGTH, PROTECTION, AND SUPPORT COLLECT SUNLIGHT SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2 HALVES OF THE CARBON CYCLE Photosynthesis CO2 Cellular Respiration LIGHT ENERGY Photosynthesis CARBON + DIOXIDE + WATER Cellular Respiration OXYGEN + GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE (STORED CHEMICAL ENERGY) CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER OXYGEN ENERGY (HEAT, KINETIC, SOUND) + C6H12O6 Write the Word for both. HANDOUT: ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS PLANT VS ANIMAL CELLS IN PENCIL TRY AND COMPLETE THE LABELS OF BOTH DIAGRAMS. WHEN YOU HAVE ATTEMPTED THAT, COMPARE WITH YOUR TEXTBOOK. COPY AND COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TABLE. Component Plants Cells Animals Cells cell walls and chloroplasts? chlorophyll? large central vacuole? PLANT CELL Form of stored energy Hemoglobin/Cholesterol? Centrioles? (structures used in cell division) ist10_ch01.qxd 7/22/09 3:23 PM Page 11 nucleus rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum chromatin nucleolus cell membrane ANIMAL CELL cytoskeleton ribosomes (small brown dots) vacuole Component Plants Cells cell walls and chloroplasts? ✓ chlorophyll? ✓ large central vacuole? ✓ Form of stored energy starch and oil cytoplasm lysosome Figure 1.6 An animal cell Structures and Organelles in Cells A cell contains structures and organelles that carry out various functions. Although all cells must perform the tasks that maintain life, not all cells are identical. Therefore, some structures and organelles are the same in both plant and animal cells while other structures and organelles differ between plant and animal cells. Cells are the basic unit of life and often combine with other cells to form tissues. 11 glycogen and fats Hemoglobin/Cholesterol? ✓ Centrioles? (structures used in cell division) ✓ Golgi apparatus mitochondrion Animals Cells