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Name: The cumulative test will only cover information from the second semester (Units 6 through 10 and the notes on body systems) – your 2nd semester workbook. This includes DNA, Biotechnology, Genetics, Evolution, Plants, Ecology, Mammals, Human Evolution, and Body Systems. Study the chapters in the book: 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 32, 37, & 38 (some chapters were covered more in depth than others); your old quizzes and tests; your notes; and the chapter reading guides. Match the scientist with the correct statement. 1. __ Found the proportion of Adenine to be equal to that of Thymine, and the proportion of Cytosine to be equal to that of Guanine. __ Proposed the Theory of Natural Selection. __ The father of modern genetics. __ Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation with his experiment involving flies and sealed jars. __ Known for his theory of Use and Disuse. __ Conducted work in x-ray crystallography and the structure of DNA. __ Proposed that DNA consisted of a double-helical structure. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Gregor Mendel Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick Charles Darwin Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Francisco Redi Erwin Chargaff Unit 6: DNA 2. What does DNA stand for? 3. List the 4 base pairs found in DNA. 4. DNA is copied during a process called _______________________. 5. During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases ----------------------------6. Which bases are the purines? 7. Which bases are the pyrimidines? 8. Label the following molecule. C G ____________ _________ (name of structure) (the letter) T _______ (the letter) Look at your old tests and quizzes! __________ (the letter) C C ____________ (3 Part Structure) 9. What makes up the rungs of the ladder and what holds them together? 10. What does RNA stand for? 11. How would the following strand of DNA TACCCCTTAATT be transcribed into mRNA? _________________ 12. Define the following terms: tRNA- mRNA- Transcription- Translation- Mutagen- Codon- 13. Use your codon chart to identify the following amino acid: AUG ____________ GGG_________________ CGU_________________ 14. List the stop codons: __________________________________________ Unit 7: Genetics 15. List all possible phenotypes for the following cross: (G=Green, g=Yellow) Gg x Gg 16. Human blood types demonstrate codominance. List the four human blood types with the possible genotypes: Blood Types: Genotypes: 17. What would be an example of incomplete dominance? 18. How many chromosomes does a human have in each cell? _____ 19. 20. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Complete (shade where necessary) the pedigree for a sex-linked trait in which the P1 male has the trait and the P1 female is a carrier. If you cannot tell the phenotype of the individual, label it with a ?. Tay-Sachs Cystic Fibrosis Hemophilia Turner’s Syndrome Phenylketonuria Cri-du-Chat Down Syndrome A. Inability of blood to clot B. Deletion on chromosome #5 C. In ability to break down a specific amino acid at birth D. Trisomy on chromosome #21 E. Fatal, neurological disease; accumulation of lipids in the brain. F. Severe mucous accumulation in lungs. G. Also known as XO 21. What is the difference between autosomal and sex-linked traits/disorders? 22. Fill in the genotypes and phenotypes for the following traits: Green seeds are dominant. Yellow seeds are recessive. Use G and g Genotype Phenotype Heterozygous Homozygous recessive Homozygous dominant 23. What are Mendel’s 3 Laws? 1. 2. 3. 24. What is nondisjunction? _______________________________________________________________ 25. What is the following diagram called? ___________________ 26. Is the person in the previous diagram suffering from any obvious chromosomal disorder? ______ 27. What is the gender of the above individual? ________________ Unit 8: Evolution 28. Assume the isotope below has a half-life of 4.5 billion years. 4.5 billion years 10g uranium 0g lead 4.5 billion years b. ____ g uranium c. ____ g uranium ____ g lead ____ g lead 29. What are the 5 principles to Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection? There is ______________________within populations. Some variations are ____________________ because they help the organism survive. In each generation, only a few ________________ long enough to reproduce. The organisms that survive and ________________________ are the ones with the _________________ variations. The population ____________________ as the frequency of the variations change. 30. What are the 4 requirements that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? 1. 2. 3. 4. 31. How are convergent evolution and analogous structures related? 32. Using the example of how giraffes got their long necks, compare Lamarck and Darwin. Unit 9: Plants & Ecology 33. Plants that reproduce with seeds are divided into two main groups. What are they? 34. Is the flower below dicot or monocot? 35. List some of the characteristics of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Gymnosperms Angiosperms 36. Label the different layers on the leaf diagram: 1 2 3 5 4 37. Define the following terms: Bryophyte Tracheaphyte Xylem Phloem Perfect Flower Imperfect Flower 38. Label the bold arrows on the flower below: Pollen Stamen Anther Filament Pistil Stigma Style Ovary- Ovule- Petal- Sepal- 39.List the 7 major biomes found on the Earth (according to your book) 40. What is primary succession? 41. How is a food chain different from a food web? 42. List 3 abiotic factors found in an ecosystem: 43. Give an example of a producer: _____________ 44. Give an example of a primary consumer: ________________ 45. Give an example of a secondary consumer: _________________ 46. What are 2 characteristics all mammals have in common? _______ and _________________________. Unit 10: Mammals & Human Evolution 47. What are the 3 types of mammals? 1.______________ 2.______________ 3. ____________________ 48. Classify humans from Kingdom all the way to species: ________________________________________ 49. What is the scientific name for Lucy? ____________________ 50. Define the following: Homo habilisHomo erectusCro-Magnon- Neanderthal- Australopithecus afarensis- Ardepithecus- Half-life- Homologous Structures- Analogous structures- Vestigial Structures- 51. What is mtDNA? Label the blocks in the chart using the following: Alright brain ... its all up to you 0 0.5 Millions of Years Ago 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 52. Label the parts of the digestive system and heart below: 53. Define the following: Arteries – Veins – Aorta – Capillaries – Alvoeli – 54. What are the 2 functions of the excretory system? Australopithecus afarensis Homo neanderthalensis Homo erectus Homo sapiens Homo habilis 55. Match the structure with the function ___ Stomach ___ Pancreas ___ Liver ___ Duodenum ___ Large Intestine A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Moves food via peristalsis The first part of the Small Intestine Produces pepsin Stores Glycogen Water Absorption Regulates flow of bile Produces both insulin and glucagon ___ Gall Bladder ___ Esophagus 56. The trachea splits into 2 __________, which further branch into smaller ____________ finally ending in little sacs called _____________. 57. The excretory system starts with the kidneys which each connect to a ___________, which both feed into the urinary __________, which finally ends at the _______________.