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Download Agenda 3.4 Balance Theory P-O-X Theory (or Balance theory
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Agenda 3.4 Balance Theory • P-O-X Theory (or Balance theory) Person – Other Person – Attitude Object (X) • Relationships among P-O-X Can be balanced or unbalanced Individuals prefer balanced to unbalanced Unbalanced – motivated to change Balanced: “The enemy of my enemy is my friend” Consistency • Unlike other animals, humans feel the need to be consistent Inconsistency is unpleasant We specify conditions required to restore consistency • Balance theory (P-O-X) explains that the relationships between person, other person, and attitude object are balanced or unbalanced Unbalanced relationships (inconsistent states) motivate people to achieve balanced (consistent states) relationships Cognitive Dissonance Theory • Cognitive dissonance refers to unpleasant state when attitude and behavior are inconsistent Causes people to rationalize their behavior and bring their attitude into line with actions Why does Cognitive Dissonance Theory happen? • Effort Justification: People seek to justify and rationalize any suffering or effort they have made Stronger attachment once this justification is made • Justifying Choices • If you perform an action but have no choice in the matter, then there is no need to rationalize it • Justifying Choices Post-decision dissonance – Difficult decisions involve tradeoffs – Justify our choices to reduce cognitive dissonance By increasing the attractiveness of our choice Decreasing the attractiveness of the rejected alternatievs Justifying Choices Tyranny of choice – Some choice is better than none – Too many choices are not always better than less choices – Information overload • Justifying Choices-Two types of people Maximizers vs. • Best possible choice • Never stop looking • Never happy with decision • Less life satisfaction • Less optimistic Satisficers • Good enough choice • Stop looking • Happier • More life satisfaction • More optimistic • Advances in Dissonance Theory Is dissonance an arousal state? • Studies indicate Yes! • Feel uncomfortable People have strong desire to be seen as consistent to others • Don’t want to be labeled hypocrites • Don’t want to be socially rejected • Attitude-Behavior Inconsistency A-B Problem • Problem of inconsistency between attitudes (A) and behaviors (B) Defending Attitudes • Predictions of behavior based on attitudes is best when 1. Measures of attitude are very specific 2. Behaviors are aggregated over time and situations 3. Attitudes come to mind easily • 1. Specific Attitudes When attitudes specific to the behavior are examined, we are better able to predict behavior • General attitudes (“I like old people”) are poor predictors of specific behaviors (“Will I help my elderly neighbor carry his groceries today?”) • 2. Aggregated (summed) Attitudes When we can view attitudes and subsequent behavior over time, we can better predict future behavior • 3. Attitudes comes easy to mind.. When attitudes are strong and come easily to mind, they are more likely to predict behavior Behavior Does Influence Attitude! Doing a favor for someone usually increases your liking for that individual (Blanchard & Cook, 1976) – “I must like him or I wouldn’t have done that favor for him” Beliefs and Believing • Consistency is important for beliefs also!! • Believing is automatic Understanding requires controlled, conscious thought • Duplex mind Automatic system Uncritical and accepting (facts, opinions) Conscious system Can override and change belief to disbelief Belief Perseverance • Once beliefs form it is resist to change Despite bogus evidence, continue to believe Beliefs and Coping • Coping • How people attempt to deal with traumas and go back to functioning effectively in life • Assumptive Worlds-beliefs about reality • The world is benevolent • The world is fair and just • I am a good person • Tend to make downward comparisons if these assumptions are shattered- It could have been worse