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Transcript
EOC Thursday March 28 Cells Organelles Cell Theory Characteristics of living things Movement across the cell membrane Cell Theory • All life forms are made from one or more cells. • Cells only arise from pre-existing cells. • The cell is the smallest form of life. Characteristics of Living Things Characteristics of Living Things • • • • • • Made of Cells Has a metabolism (homeostasis) Grow and Develop Reproduce Adapt and Respond to the environment Use and Need Energy • Sometimes you see these: – Has DNA as Genetic code – Has capacity to evolve – Complex and organized Two Cell Types: Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote • • • • • • • • • Cytoplasm Cell membrane DNA Single-celled – All are bacteria Cytoplasm Cell membrane DNA Some are single-celled Membrane bound organelles • Some are multi-cellular Plant Cell Notice this Animal Cell Notice this What are the differences between plant and Animal Cells? Plant Cells Animal Cells • Cell Wall • Chloroplast • Large Central Vacuole • Centriole • Lysosomes All other organelles are found in BOTH plants and animal cells Nucleus • Double Membrane with pores • Nucleolus in center • Function: stores DNA Endoplasmic Reticulum • • • • Folded membrane Interior is called lumen Rough ER has ribosomes Smooth ER no ribosomes • Function: – Rough: Protein making – Smooth: Lipid making and de-toxing drugs and alcohol Golgi Apparatus • Stacked layers of membrane-enclosed spaces • Function: Processes, sorts, prepares and delivers proteins. (UPS of the cell!) Vesicles • Sacs within cytoplasm • Function: to transport materials around the cell keeping the material away from the cytoplasm. ? Why do you think some things need to be isolated from the cytoplasm??? Mitochondria • Bean shaped • Have own ribosomes and DNA • Double Membrane – Inner and outer • Function: produce energy from the food you eat Note: food and energy are NOT the same thing! Vacuole • Fluid filled sac • Animals have many tiny ones • Plants have a large central vacuole, unique to them • Function: storage of materials. The large central vacuole in plants stores water and helps the plant maintain its shape. ? Why do plants look shriveled when they need water?? Lysosomes • Another sac like structure • Contains enzymes • May or may not be present in plant cells? • Function: To digest or destroy garbage in the cell: old cell parts, bacteria or other invaders. Centrosomes and Centrioles • The centrosome is a region of cytoplasm where microtubules are produced in the cell. • Centrioles are microtubules arranged in a circle. In animal cells, they seem to play a role in cell division. In addition, centrioles help to organize other microtubules into cilia and flagella. Chloroplasts • Inner and outer membrane (like mitochondria) • Have own ribosomes and DNA (like mitochondria) • Stacks of disc shaped sacs in the inner membrane, called thylakoids • Contain chlorophyll Function: convert the sun’s energy into food for the plant Similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts • • • • • Own DNA Own Ribosome's Double membrane Similar shape Scientists believe both were at one time freeliving prokaryotes that were engulfed by other cells and incorporated into their structure Cell wall • Rigid layer outside of the cell membrane • Found in plants, algae, fungi and some prokaryotes (bacteria) • Function: protection and support Cell membrane Function: to regulate what enters and exits the cell. Charged head Add this to your study guide Diffusion and osmosis • Refers to the movement of stuff across a membrane • Rely on a concentration gradient • Require NO energy • The difference? – Diffusion is the movement of particles or molecules – Osmosis is the movement of water Which way will the particles move (A to B or B to A) and why? A B Which way will the particles move (A to B or B to A) and why? A B The particles move from side A to side B, BECAUSE there are more particles on side A… Particles move with the concentration gradient. Remember this saying High to Low is the way to GO! Active transport • Requires energy (ATP) • Moves materials AGAINST the concentration gradient • Transport proteins or vesicles are used Vesicles can be formed inside or outside of the cell What about the rest of the study guide? • The rest is review from prior weeks. See what you remember. This is good practice!! Fun Links • Cell Membrane Tutorial – http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/problem _sets/membranes/index.html • Interactive tour of the cell – http://cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm