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Cells
The Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
All cells are produced from other cells
Cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
Inside of cells there are smaller structures called organelles.
Organelles carry out specific functions inside of your cells
Animal Cell
Cell Membrane
All cells have cell membranes
The cell membrane forms the outside boundary that separates the cell from its
environment
There are tiny openings in the cell membrane called pores to allow substances
into or out of the cell
The cell membranes job is to allow substances into or out of the cell
Nucleus
The nucleus is a large, oval structure
The nucleus of a cell is the control center of the cell, it directs all the cell’s
activities.
Nickname: The brain
Parts of the Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Protects the nucleus
Materials pass into and out of the nucleus through a small openings called
pores
Chromatin
Contain the genetic information of the cell
Nucleolus
Where ribosomes are made
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus
The cytoplasm is a clear, thick, gel-like fluid
The fluid is constantly moving
There are many organelles found in the cytoplasm
Do you remember what an organelle is?
Mitochondria
Rod shaped structures
Nickname: The power house
They produce most of the energy the cell needs to carry out its functions
For example: muscle cells that are very active have large numbers of
mitochrondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Also in the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) could be described as a maze of passage ways
The job of the ER is to carry proteins and other materials from one part of the
cell to another
Two types of ER
Rough ER – with ribosomes on the outside
Smooth ER – without ribosomes
Ribosomes
Attached to the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum
Can also be found floating in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes function as factories to make proteins
Proteins will move from the ER to the Golgi bodies
Golgi Bodies (Golgi apparatus)
Structures that look like flattened sacs and tubes
Nickname: Mailroom
Receive proteins from the Endoplasmic reticulum, package them and send them to
other parts of the cell
Golgi can also send proteins outside of the cell
Vacuoles
Large, round, water filled sac floating in the cytoplasm
Vacuoles are the storage area of the cell
They are often used to store food and other materials needed for the cell
They can also store wastes
Lysosomes
Small round structures that contain chemicals that break down large food
particles into smaller ones
Can break down old cell parts so they can be used again
Nickname: Cleanup crew
The cell
All of the structures we just talked about are found in animal cells
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi bodies
Vacuoles (many small vacuoles)
Lysosomes
Structures only in plant Cells
However, plant cells contain some additional structures
One large vacuole instead of many smaller ones
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Plant Cell
Cell
Cell Wall
Outside of the cell membrane
Only found in plants
Cell wall is a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the plants
Job: to help protect and support the cell
Materials can pass through the cell wall such as water and oxygen
Chloroplasts
Only found in plants
Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell
This process is called photosynthesis
Give plants their green color
With a nucleus or without
Eukaryotic
Cells that have a nucleus
Such as plant and animal cells
Prokaryotic
Cells that do not have a nucleus
Such as bacteria