Download Chapter Review: Intro to Cells, Cell Structure

Chapter Review: Intro to Cells, Cell Structure, and Transport
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Circle all that are
correct.
____1. Inside the nuclear envelope the DNA in the form of fine strands is called
a. chromosomes
b. nuclear matrix
c. chromatin
d. nucleolus
____2. Not all substances can cross the plasma membrane, for this reason, the cell membrane is said to be
a. a barrier
b. selectively permeable
c. membrane bound
d. a cell wall
____3. Provides structure and support in plant cells:
a. a nuclear envelope
b. a cell membrane
c. cell wall
____4. Microfilaments and microtubules
a. contain digestive enzymes
b. function in cell structure and movement
d. cytoskeleton
c. are sites of protein synthesis
d. are sites of photosynthesis
____5. The cell organelle that processes and packages substances produced by the cell is
a. mitochondria
b. ribosomes
c. Golgi apparatus
d. ER
____6. The cell organelle that digests molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances is
a. mitochondria
b. ER
c. Golgi apparatus
d. lysosomes
____7. What are flagella?
a. long, whip-like projections
b. short, hair-like projections
____8. A prokaryote has
a. a nucleus
b. a cell membrane
c. bundles of chloroplasts
d. central vacuoles
c. membrane bound organelles
d. All of the above
____9. The first person to observe and describe microscopic organisms and living cells was
a. Robert Hooke b. Rudolf Virchow c. Anton Leeuenhoek
d. Theodor Schwann
____10. Are short hair-like projections found on cells, often numerous:
a. flagella
b. ribosomes
c. cilia
d. cytoskeleton
____11. Organelle involved in the synthesis of steroids in glands and the breakdown of toxic waste:
a. soft ER
b. smooth ER
c. rough ER
d. mitochondria
____12. One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that only
a. prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a cell membrane
b. prokaryotic cells have a nucleus
c. eukaryotic cells have genetic information
d. eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles
____13. The cell organelle that organizes protein synthesis is
a. mitochondria
b. ribosomes
c. ER
d. lysosomes
____14. The organelle that prepares proteins for export and synthesizes steroids is the
a. mitochondrion
b. ribosomes
c. ER
d. lysosomes
____15. The part of the cell that regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell is the
a. nucleus
b. plasma membrane
c. Golgi apparatus
d. mitochondrion
____16. Cell that have high energy requirement generally have many
a. nuclei
b. flagella
c. mitochondria
d. microfilaments
____17. Suspended in the cell's cytoplasm are tiny
a. flagella
b. organelles
c. DNA
d. nucleolus
____18. Maintains the three-dimension structure of animal cells:
a. centrioles
b. cytoskeleton
c. a cell membrane
d. cell wall
____19. Organelle that transfers energy from organic compounds to ATP:
a. mitochondria
b. ribosomes
c. lysosomes
d. nucleus
____20. The gelatin-like aqueous fluid that organelles are bathed in:
a. crista
b. nucleolus
c. cytoplasm
d. cytosol
____21. Organelle that converts sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into sugars:
a. ribosomes
b. lysosomes
c. chloroplasts
d. vacuole
____22. The cell organelle that transfers energy to ATP is
a. mitochondria
b. ER
c. nucleus
d. Golgi apparatus
____23. The fluid mosaic model presents the modern view of
a. a membrane's structure
b. chromosomes
c. aggregates of cells
d. the nucleus
____24. Which is Not a principle of the cell theory?
a. All matter consists of at least one cell.
b. Cells are the basic units of life.
c. All cells arise from preexisting cells.
d. All organisms are made of one or more cells.
____25. A plasma membrane is a thin layer of lipid and
a. monosaccharides
b. protein
c. chitin
d. water
____26. Plasma membranes are made of two phospholipid layers called a
a. bilayer
b. hydrophilic
c. polarity
d. semilayer
____27. The cell organelle that stores DNA and synthesizes RNA
a. mitochondria
b. rough ER
c. ribosomes
d. nucleus
____28. Viruses, bacteria, and old organelles that a cell ingest are broken down in
a. ribosomes
b. lysosomes
c. the rough ER
d. the smooth ER
____29. The "blueprints" in a cell that control all its activity are the
a. eukaryotes
b. vacuoles
c. chromosomes
d. ribosomes
____30. Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells contain No
a. nucleus
b. plasma membrane
c. eukaryotes
d. bilayers
____31. What is the liquid between the plasma membrane and the nucleus called?
a. organelles
b. cytoplasm
c. nucleoli
d. vacuoles
____32. Unlike animals cells, plant cells have
a. plasma membranes
b. mitochondria
c. cell walls
d. chromosomes
____33. The nucleus is surrounded by a double layer membrane called the
a. nuclear matrix
b. nuclear envelope
c. plasma membrane
d. nucleus wall
____34. Each chloroplast encloses a system of flattened, membranous sacs called
a. crista
b. thylakoids
c. Golgi apparatus
d. plastids
____35. Type of ER that has ribosomes attached to it:
a. smooth ER
b. rough ER
c. hard ER
d. soft ER
____36. What are organisms with cells that contain a nucleus or nuclei?
a. eukaryotes
b. prokaryotes
c. ribosomes
d. nucleoli
____37. What are the membrane bound sacs that package and secrete cell products?
a. Golgi apparatus
b. ATP
c. mitochondria
d. lysosomes
____38. Small holes in the nuclear envelope:
a. protein pores b. nuclear pores
c. membrane holes
d. nuclear holes
____39. _____ assists in the movement of chromosomes during cell division.
a. nuclear envelope
b. cytoskeleton
c. spindle fibers
d. centrioles
____40. _____ are structures that carry out specific functions in the cell.
a. cytoskeleton
b. organelles
c. crista
d. chloroplasts
____41. Which scientist determined that cells come only from other cells?
a. van Leeuwenhoek
b. Schleiden
c. Schwann
d. Virchow
____42. Which of the following is Not part of the cell theory?
a. All living things are made of one or more cells.
b. All cells contain the same organelles.
c. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms.
d. All cells arise from existing cells.
____43. As a cell becomes smaller, its surface to area-to-volume ration
a. increases
b. decreases
c. stays the same
d. becomes less important
____44. Which of the following could be found in a prokaryote?
a. chloroplast
b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. flagellum
d. mitochondria
____45. Which part of the plasma membrane helps cells recognize each other?
a. phospholipid bilayer
c. carbohydrates
b. integral proteins
d. peripheral proteins
____46. Which of the following helps plant cells remain rigid?
a. plasma membrane
b. nucleus
c. chloroplast
d. central vacuole
____47. Which of the following organelles enables plants to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and
water?
a. central vacuole
b. nucleus
c. chloroplast
d. cell wall
____48. Which of the following is one difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
a. Nucleic acids are found only in prokaryotes.
b. Eukaryotes contain mitochondria.
c. Organelles are found only in prokaryotes.
d. Prokaryotes have a nuclear envelope.
____49. The nucleus of a cell contains all of the following Except
a. chromosomes
b. mitochondria
c. DNA
d. RNA
____50. Which type of molecule is found in the plasma membrane?
a. carbohydrate
b. protein
c. phospholipid
d. All of the above.
____51. The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane
a. provides a boundary between the cell and its surrounding
b. forms vesicles
c. transports substances into and out of the cell
d. All of the above.
____52. Which of the following is the correct order of structure in living things, from the simplest to the most
complex?
a. cells, tissue, organs, organ systems
b. cells, organs, tissues, organ systems
c. cells, organs, organ systems, tissues
d. organ systems, organs, tissues, cells
____53. Name two functions of the proteins embedded in the plasma membrane
a. They transport substances across the membrane and aid in protein synthesis.
b. They store waste and form the outer layer of the membrane.
c. They serve as attachment sites for molecules in the extracellular fluid and transport substances across the
membrane.
d. They aid in cell movement and serve as attachment sites for molecules in the extracellular fluid.
____54. Which of the following membrane proteins are integral proteins?
a. transport proteins
b. receptor proteins
c. cell-surface proteins
____55. Which of the following statements is True?
a. Colonial organisms are multicellular.
b. Colonial organisms are unicellular.
c. Colonial organisms have specialized tissues.
d. The cells of colonial organisms are genetically different from each other.
____56. The maximum size to which a cell may grow is limited mainly by the cell's
a. shape
b. surface area
c. function
d. internal organization
d. All of the above.
____57. The discovery of cells is linked most directly with
a. early investigations of causes of disease
b. observations of large, unicellular organisms
c. the development of the microscope
d. efforts to reproduce organisms in the laboratory
____58. Hooke’s discovery of cells was made observing
a. living algal cells.
c. dead plant cells.
b. living human blood cells.
d. dead protist cells.
____59. The smallest units of life in all living things are
a. cells.
b. cytoplasm.
c. mitochondria.
d. Golgi apparatus.
____60. When the volume of a cell increases, its surface area
a. increases at the same rate.
b. remains the same.
c. increases at a faster rate.
d. increases at a slower rate.
____61. Surface area is an important factor in limiting cell growth because
a. the cell can burst if the membrane becomes too large.
b. materials cannot enter the cell if the surface is too large.
c. the cell may become too large to take in enough food and to remove enough wastes.
d. waste products cannot leave the cell if the cell is too small.
____62. The size to which a cell can grow is limited by its
a. location.
b. function.
c. structure.
d. surface area.
____63. A cell that can change its shape would be well suited for
a. receiving and transmitting nerve impulses.
b. covering the body surface.
c. moving to different tissues through narrow openings.
d. All of the above
____64. One difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that
a. nucleic acids are found only in prokaryotes.
b. mitochondria are found in larger quantities in eukaryotes.
c. the Golgi apparatus is found only in prokaryotes.
d. prokaryotes have no nuclear membrane.
____65. Which of the following is characteristic of prokaryotes?
a. They have a nucleus.
b. They existed on Earth before eukaryotes.
c. The organelles in their cytoplasm are surrounded by membranes.
d. None of the above
____66. Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic cell?
a. an amoeba
b. a bacterium
c. a virus
d. a liver cell
____67. Only eukaryotic cells have
a. DNA.
b. ribosomes.
c. membrane-bound organelles.
d. cytoplasm.
____68. Studying a picture of a cell taken with an electron microscope, you find that the cell has no nucleus and
no mitochondria, but it does have a plasma membrane and a cell wall. You conclude that the cell is probably
from a(n)
a. animal.
b. prokaryote.
c. plant.
d. extinct organism.
____69. Plasma membranes
a. are part of only a small number of cells.
b. contain genes.
c. are made of DNA.
d. are thin coverings that surround cells.
____70. The structure that regulates what enters and leaves the cell is called the
a. nucleus.
b. nuclear membrane.
c. cell wall.
d. plasma membrane.
____71. The plasma membrane
a. encloses the contents of a cell.
b. allows material to enter and leave the cell.
c. is selectively permeable.
d. All of the above
____72. A structure within a cell that performs a specific function is called a(n)
a. organelle.
b. tissue.
c. organ tissue.
d. biocenter.
____73. A particularly active cell might contain large numbers of
a. chromosomes.
b. mitochondria.
c. vacuoles.
d. walls.
____74. The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that
a. receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum.
b. labels the molecules made in the endoplasmic reticulum with tags that specify their destination.
c. releases molecules in vesicles.
d. All of the above
____75. One important organelle that helps maintain homeostasis by moving supplies from one part of the cell
to the other is the
a. endoplasmic reticulum.
b. nucleus.
c. mitochondrion.
d. cytoplasm.
____76. In which of the following organelles is a cell’s ATP produced?
a. mitochondrion
b. Golgi apparatus
c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. lysosome
____77. Numerous hairlike organelles that protrude from the surface of a cell and are packed in tight rows are
called
a. flagella.
b. actin filaments.
c. microtubules.
d. cilia.
____78. Proteins are made on the
a. mitochondria.
b. nucleus.
c. ribosomes.
____79. The packaging and distribution center of the cell is the
a. nucleus.
b. central vacuole.
c. Golgi apparatus.
d. plasma membrane.
d .nuclear envelope.
____80. The double membrane surrounding the nucleus is called the
a. nucleolus.
b. nucleoplasm.
c. nuclear wall.
d. nuclear envelope.
____81. All cells have
a. a covering called a plasma membrane that surrounds the cell and controls what information and materials
enter and leave it.
b. an internal fluid that gives shape to the cell and supports the other things within it.
c. either a central zone or a nucleus that contains the cell’s genes.
d. All of the above
____82. cell : plasma membrane ::
a. nucleus : chromosome
b. nucleus : nuclear envelope
c. chromosome : DNA
d. cell : DNA
____83. Refer to the illustration above. Which structure immediately identifies this cell as a eukaryote?
a. structure 1
c. structure 3
b. structure 2
d. structure 4
____84. Refer to the illustration above. The cell uses structure 3
a. to transport material from one part of the cell to another.
b. to package proteins so they can be stored by the cell.
c. as a receptor.
d. to transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP.
____85. Refer to the illustration above. Structure 1 is
a. the endoplasmic reticulum.
b. a Golgi apparatus.
c. a mitochondrion.
d. the nucleus.
____86. Refer to the illustration above. This cell’s chromosomes are found in
a. structure 1.
c. structure 3.
b. structure 2.
d. structure 5.
____87. Refer to the illustration above. The cell shown is probably an animal cell because
a. it has mitochondria.
b. it does not have a cell wall.
c. it has a plasma membrane.
d. it does not have a nucleus.
____88. All of the following are found in both plant and animal cells, except
a. a cell wall.
b. mitochondria.
c. a plasma membrane.
d. the endoplasmic reticulum.
____89. How are chloroplasts like mitochondria?
a. They can both use energy from sunlight.
b. They look alike.
c. They both contain DNA.
d. They are both found in animal cells.
____90. The organelles associated with photosynthesis are the
a. mitochondria.
b. Golgi apparatus.
c. chloroplasts.
d. vacuoles.
____91. The organelles in plant cells that contain a green pigment are the
a. mitochondria.
b. chloroplasts
c. bilayer lipids.
d. Golgi apparatus.
____92. Plant cells have a large membrane-bound space in which water, waste products, and nutrients are
stored. This place is known as a
a. mitochondrion. b. Golgi apparatus. c. chloroplast.
d. central vacuole.
____93. Which of the following pairs contains unrelated items?
a. eukaryote–amoeba
c. cell wall–animal cell
b. ribosomes–protein
d. mitochondria–energy
____94. Plant cells
a. do not contain mitochondria.
b. have a cell wall instead of a plasma membrane.
c. have a large central vacuole instead of a Golgi apparatus.
d. have chloroplasts and a cell wall.
____95. Which of the following is the correct order of organization of structures in living things, from simplest
to most complex?
a. organ systems, organs, tissues, cells
b. tissues, cells, organs, organ systems
c. cells, tissues, organ systems, organs
d. cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
MATCHING
_____96. Functions primarily as an itercellular highway.
_____97. Organisms whose cells never contained a Nucleus.
_____98 Consists of Cytosol and Organelles.
_____99. the "Brain" of the Cell. Stores hereditary information.
_____100. Site where Ribosomes are produced.
_____101. Converts Sunlight, Carbon Dioxide and
Water into Sugars.
_____102. The double layer membrane surrounding
the nucleus.
_____103. Mechanisms for transporting molecules through
the lipid bilayer.
_____104. The site of protein synthesis.
_____105. A pigment that absorbs energy in sunlight.
_____106. Small holes in the Nuclear Envelope.
_____107. Plasma membranes consist of two phospholipid
layers called a
_____108. Each chloroplast encloses a system of flattened,
membranous sacs called ______.
_____109. Provide structure and support in plant cells
_____110. Maintains the Three-dimension structure of
animal cells.
_____111. Are short hairlike projections, often numerous.
_____112. Site of processing, packaging and secretion
of cell products.
_____113. Involved in the synthesis of steroids in glands and
the breakdown of toxic substances.
_____114. Site of digestion in the cells, rare in plant cells.
_____115. Organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
_____116. Long whip-like structures used for movement.
_____117. The "Powerhouse" of the cell. Transfers energy from ATP.
_____118. Gelatin-like aqueous fluid that organelles are bathed in.
_____119. Fluid-filled organelle that serves as a storage area for
enzymes and metabolic wastes.
_____120 Organelles that, like mitochondria and the nucleus,
are surrounded by two membranes and contain DNA.
_____121. The type of ER that has ribosomes attached to it.
A. Chloroplast
B. Eukaryotes
C. Nuclear Envelope
D. Ribosomes
E. Chlorophyll
F. Rough ER
G. Lysosomes
H. Nuclear Pores
I. Cell Wall
J. Cytoplasm
K. Cytoskeleton
L. Smooth ER
M. Nucleus
N. Mitochondria
O. Thylakoids
P. Vacuole
Q. Nucleolus
R. Flagella
S. Plastids
T. Cytosol
U. Prokaryotes
V. Endoplasmic Reticulum
W. Cilia
X. Golgi Apparatus
Y. Lipid Bilayer
Z. Membrane Proteins
___122. Net movement of water across a cell membrane occurs
a) from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution
c) from a hypertonic solution to a hypotonic
solution
b) from an isotonic solution to another isotonic solution
d) through gated water channels
___123. All forms of passive transport depend on
a) energy from the cell in the form of ATP
c) carrier proteins
b) concentration of solutes
d) ion channels
___124. Plasmolysis of a human red blood cell would occur if the cell were
a) in an isotonic solution
c) in a hypertonic solution
b) in a hypotonic solution
d) None of the above
___125. A cell must expend energy to transport substances using
a) cell membrane pumps
b) facilitated diffusion
c) ion channels
___126. A concentration difference across space is called a (n)
a) plasmolysis
b) concentration gradient
c) isotonic
___127. The uptake of solutes or fluids is called
a) plasmolysis
b) phagocytosis
d) phagocytosis
c) pinocytosis
___128. A relatively high solute concentration is called
a) hypertonic
b) hypotonic
c) isotonic
d) osmosis
d) cytolysis
d) cytolysis
___129. A type of transport in which water moves across a membrane and down its concentration gradient is
a) simple diffusion
c) facilitated diffusion
b) diffusion through ion channels
d) osmosis
___130. The shrinking of cells is known as
a) cytolysis
b) pinocytosis
c) plasmolysis
d) phagocytosis
___131. When a human red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic environment, it will
a) undergo cytolysis
c) undergo plasmolysis
b) experience a decrease in turgor pressure
d) be at equilibrium
___132. The uptake of large particles by a cell is known as
a) phagocytosis
b) pinocytosis
c) cytolysis
d) plasmolysis
___135. Diffusion is a term for the movement of molecules from
a) an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
b) an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
c) an adjacent area to a gradient area
d) a nucleus to the mitochondria
___136. In a hypotonic solution, the concentration of solutes is lower than the
a) concentration of solutes inside the cell
c) concentration of solutes outside the cell
b) concentration of osmosis in the membrane
d) concentration of diffusion in the membrane
___137. Molecules that are too large to cross a cell membrane are carried by
a) hypotonic solution
b) bulk transport
c) isotonic solution
d) hypertonic solution
___138. Substances that can pass through cell membranes by simple diffusion include
a) Na+ ions
b) Cl- ions
c) CO2
d) glucose
___139. Pinocytosis involves the transport of
a) large particles out of a cell
b) whole cells into another cell
c) fluids into a cell
d) fluids out of a cell
___140. A relatively low solute concentration is called
a) hypertonic
b) hypotonic
c) isotonic
d) osmosis
___143. The bursting of cells is called
a) plasmolysis
b) phagocytosis
c) cytolysis
d) pinocytosis
___144. Concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell are equal when
a) the solution is isotonic
c) the solution is hypotonic
b) the solution is hypertonic
d) the solution is isometric
___145. The process of diffusion requires
a) a cell membrane
b) a difference in the concentration throughout a space
c) an aqueous solution
d) All of the above.
___146. If the molecular concentration of a substance is the same throughout space, the substance
a) has a large concentration gradient
c) is in equilibrium
b) will undergo diffusion
d) will undergo osmosis
___147. Facilitated diffusion is often used to transport
a) ions
c) molecules that are too small to diffuse across the membrane
b) water
d) molecules that are not soluble in lipids
___148. Exocytosis is a
a) type of passive transport
b) mechanism by which cells ingest other cells
c) transport process in which vesicles are formed from pouches in the cell membrane
d) way for cells to release large molecules, such as proteins
For each of the following, Identify the transport type:
149. A cell membrane encloses and takes in a droplet of fluid.______________________________
150. Carrier proteins use energy and act as a pump to move nutrients into a root cell.
____________________________________________
151. Carrier proteins take sugar (glucose) into a cell without requiring energy input.
____________________________________________
152. Water diffuses across a cell membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration. _______________________________________
153. Mucus and waste products packaged by Golgi apparatus are secreted by a cell.
________________________________________
154. A cell membrane encloses and takes in food particles. ________________________________
155. Refer to thee illustration above. The process shown in figure X is
a. active transport
b. pinocytosis
c. passive transport
d. phagocytosis
156. Refer to thee illustration above. The process shown in figure Y is
a. active transport
b. pinocytosis
c. passive transport
d. exocytosis
DIRECTIONS: Read Chapter 7, Structure and Function of the Cell and Answer the questions below as
completely and as thoroughly as possible. Answer the question in essay form (not outline form), using complete
sentences. You may use diagrams or pictures to supplement your answers, but a diagram or picture alone
without appropriate discussion is inadequate. See me if you need Help, Have Problems or Questions or To
Check Your Answers.
1. If a cell has a high energy requirement, would you expect it to have many or few mitochondria?
Explain your answer.
2. Describe two differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
3. Explain how the nucleolus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus
function together in protein synthesis.
4. What are the three Parts of the Cell Theory?
5. Describe three differences between plant and animal cells.
6. Why can small cells exchange substances more readily than large cells?
7. How can you determine whether a unicellular organism is a prokaryote or a eukaryote?
8. Describe the structure, composition, and function of the cell membrane.
9. Name and describe the THREE Types of Passive Transport and THREE Types of Active Transport.
11. Three red blood cells are placed in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. Compare the behavior of
the three cells. Explain your answer on the basis of concentration gradients, diffusion, and give the name
of the effects.