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10/22/2015 Protein Synthesis 1 DNA vs. RNA Double-stranded Single-stranded Sugar = deoxyribose Sugar = ribose Thymine (no Uracil) Uracil (instead of Thymine) Stays in nucleus In nucleus & cytoplasm One type 3 types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Same copy in the cell all the time Disposable copies 2 1 10/22/2015 3 Ribose vs. Deoxyribose 4 2 10/22/2015 RNA Many functions but mostly just protein synthesis (gene expression) Types of RNA involved in gene expression: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA 5 Types of RNA 6 3 10/22/2015 mRNA Carries copies of DNA instructions messenger RNA (mRNA) - serve as “messengers” from DNA to rest of the cell 7 rRNA Structural RNA ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - rRNA and several proteins make up Ribosomes 8 4 10/22/2015 tRNA Transfers each amino acid to the ribosome during protein construction transfer RNA (tRNA) - follows coded message in mRNA strand 9 Transcription & Translation 10 5 10/22/2015 Transcription (DNA mRNA) mRNA molecules produced by copying part of nucleotide sequence of DNA (a gene) into a complementary sequence in RNA Required enzyme: RNA polymerase 1. Binds to DNA (in nucleus) 2. Separates the DNA strands 3. Uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a strand of mRNA Transcription Animation 11 12 6 10/22/2015 13 Where does RNA transcription start? Promoters – sequence in DNA that indicate to RNA polymerase where to bind to make RNA (“start sequence”) – RNA polymerase will only bind to these promoters! Similar signals in DNA cause transcription to stop when the new RNA molecule is completed. 14 7 10/22/2015 RNA Editing (Splicing) Introns and exons are copied from the DNA Intron - intervening sequence of DNA; does not code for a protein – Cut out of RNA molecules while still in the nucleus Exon - expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein – Spliced together to form the final mRNA 15 16 8 10/22/2015 The Genetic Code Properties of proteins are determined by the order in which different amino acids are joined together RECALL – Polypeptide - combination of any or all of the 20 different amino acids – Proteins – one or more polypeptide(s) 17 The “language” of mRNA instructions is called the genetic code (from DNA) RNA contains four different bases: A, U, C, and G Letters read “3” at a time = codon Codon = a group of three nucleotides on messenger RNA that specify a particular amino acid. 18 9 10/22/2015 19 Translation (mRNA tRNA amino acid chain) Occurs at the Ribosome mRNA - instructions for the order of the amino acid sequence Ribosome - reads the instructions of the mRNA 20 10 10/22/2015 21 Steps of Translation 1. mRNA is released from the nucleus enters cytoplasm 2. mRNA attaches to the ribosome 3. mRNA codons move through the ribosome proper amino acid brought by tRNA 4. Amino acids are bound together (peptide bonds) polypeptide chain 22 11 10/22/2015 Each tRNA carries only one type of amino acid The three bases on tRNA = anticodon (complementary to mRNA) 23 24 12 10/22/2015 Ribosome forms peptide bonds between amino acids – also breaks the bonds between tRNA and the amino acids Translation ends when a “stop” codon is reached 25 26 13 10/22/2015 Translation Animation 1 Translation Animation 2 27 What amino acids are made? Use the mRNA strand on the Genetic Code Chart DNA: TAC AAA CAC GGA CCA ACT (coding strand) mRNA: AUG UUU GUG CCU GGU UGA tRNA: UAC AAA CAC GGA CCA ACU Amino acids: Methionine – Phenylalanine – Valine - Proline - Glycine - STOP 28 14 10/22/2015 29 15