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Transcript
Plant and Animal Cells Cell Scientists Hans and Zacharias Janssen • Dutch lens grinders, father and son • produced first compound microscope (2 lenses) Robert Hooke (1665) English Scientist • looked at a thin slice of cork (oak cork) through a compound microscope • observed tiny, hollow, room like structures • called these structures 'cells' because they reminded him of the rooms that monks lived in • only saw the outer walls (cell walls) because cork cells are not alive Anton van Leeuwenhoek (around the same time as Hooke 1680?) • Dutch fabric merchant and amateur scientist • looked at blood, rainwater, scrapings from teeth through a simple microscope (1 lens) • observed living cells; called some 'animalcules' • some of the small 'animalcules' are now called bacteria Matthias Schleiden (1838) • German botanist • viewed plant parts under a microscope • discovered that plant parts are made of cells Theodor Schwann (1839) • German zoologist • viewed animal parts under a microscope • discovered that animal parts are made of cells Rudolph Virchow (1855) • German physician • stated that all living cells come only from other living cells The Cell Theory 1. All living things are made up of cells. 2. Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. Definition of a Cell • A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. Two types of Cells • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic • Cells come in two basic types, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. • "Karyose" comes from a Greek word which means "kernel," as in a kernel of grain. • In biology, we use this word root to refer to the nucleus of a cell. "Pro" means "before," and "eu" means "true," or "good." • "Prokaryotic" means "before a nucleus," and "eukaryotic" means "possessing a true nucleus." • Prokaryotic cells have no nuclei, while eukaryotic cells do have true nuclei. Prokaryotic • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms, Bacteria Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms “Typical” Plant Cell “Typical” Animal Cell CELL PARTS Cell Parts• Organelles Surrounding the CellCell Wall • Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria • Supports & protects cells Cell Membrane • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell • Double layer Inside the Cell Nucleus • Directs cell activities • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane • Contains genetic material - DNA Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus Chromosomes • In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteins Cytoplasm • Gel-like mixture • Surrounded by cell membrane • Contains hereditary material Endoplasmic Reticulum • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth type: lacks ribosomes • Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface Ribosomes • Each cell contains thousands • Make proteins • Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell Mitochondria • Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates • Controls level of water and other materials in cell • Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates Golgi Bodies • Protein 'packaging plant' • Move materials within the cell • Move materials out of the cell Lysosome • Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal • Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes Vacuoles • Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal • Contains water solution • Help plants maintain shape Chloroplast • Usually found in plant cells • Contains green chlorophyll • Where photosynthesis takes place