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Notes Cell Structure
and Function
Cell –
Smallest unit that can carry
out all of the activities
necessary for life
Number of Cells
Organisms may be:
• Unicellular –
composed of one cell
• Multicellularcomposed of many
cells that may
organize
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Cells May be Prokaryotic or
Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack
a nucleus or membrane-bound
structures called organelles Ex:
bacteria
Eukaryotes include most other cells
& have a nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)
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Types of Cells
A. Prokaryotes -have NO
nucleus and no membrane
bound organelles.
B. Eukaryotes -have a nucleus and
membrane bound organelles
i. Animal Cells
ii. Plant Cells
Human cell
Bacteria cell
Two Main Types of
Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
8
Similarities between plant
cells and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane
surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
9
Differences between plant
cells and animal cells
Animal cells
Plant cells
Relatively
smaller in size
Relatively larger
in size
Irregular shape
Regular shape
No cell wall
Cell wall present
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Differences between Plant
Cells and Animal Cells
Animal cells
Plant cells
Vacuole small or
absent
Large central
vacuole
Glycogen as food
storage
Starch as food
storage
Nucleus at the
center
Nucleus near cell
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wall
Organ = A group of tissues with one or
a few functions : heart, lung, stomach,
liver, pancreas, skin, kidney, etc.)
-elle = small or tiny
Organelle = tiny organs
ORGANELLES
FOUND IN
BOTH
ANIMAL AND PLANT
CELLS
1. CELL MEMBRANE – “strainer or
screen” (sac around the cell)
a. Semi-permeable - Controls what enters
& leaves the cell
b. Protects cell & holds cell together
c. Made of phospholipids
d. Also called the Plasma Membrane
2. CYTOPLASM
(jelly-like material)
• Supports cell parts
• Allows cell parts to move
3. NUCLEUS – “brain”
Control center of the cell
3a. CHROMOSOMES
Contains the DNA/genes that direct the
making of proteins to make an organisms
traits
i. Means “colored bodies”
ii. Chromatin is long thin
invisible DNA
iii. Chromosomes are
short fat condensed
visible DNA
3b. NUCLEOLUS
Controls cell reproduction and makes
ribosomes which make proteins
3c. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
Controls what enters and leaves the
nucleus
5. VACUOLES – “storage boxes”
(bubbles)
a. Storage of food and water, wastes and
enzymes
b. Animal cells have many small ones
while plant cells have one large one
Plant
Vacuole
6. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
“bus” (highway)
a. Transport system in the cell
b. Rough (with ribosomes) and smooth
(none)
7. RIBOSOMES -Produce
proteins for the cell
8. MITOCHONDRIA (powerhouse)
a. Converts stored food into energy
for the cell to use.
9. GOLGI BODY – “packaging plant”
(post office)
a. Package & exports protein from the
cell
• Hair, finger nails are good examples of
these proteins
ORGANELLES
FOUND IN
ONLY
ANIMAL CELLS
ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
10. CENTRIOLE
• Small part of animal cell that helps in
cell division
ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
11. LYSOSOME (stomach or garbage
collector)
a. Contain enzymes thatDigest or gets
rid of worn out cell parts, bacteria or
viruses
b. Found in carnivorous plants
•ORGANELLES
FOUND IN
ONLY
PLANT CELLS
PLANT CELLS ONLY
12. CELL WALL (square)
a. Made of Cellulose which makes
plant stiff
b. Supports plant and protects cell
13. CHLOROPLAST (green)
a. Filled with the green pigment
chlorophyll
b. Makes chemical energy in the form
of sugar from sunlight in the process
called photosynthesis.
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Vacuole
Ribosome
(free)
Chloroplast
Ribosome
(attached)
Cell
Membrane
Nuclear
envelope
Cell wall
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plant Cell
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome
(attached)
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(free)
Cell
Membrane
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
Animal Cell
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Ribosomes
Animal Cells
Centrioles
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton