Download THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF ADDICTION: USING EASTERN

THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF ADDICTION: USING
EASTERN PRINCIPLES TO TREAT WESTERN
ADDICTIONS AND MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS.
Presented by:
Chris Allen Shreve, PhD Candidate
LPC, NCC, MAC
Oakland Psychiatric Associates P.C.
Oakland Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Depression Treatment Center
TRAINING OBJECTIVES
• Participants will be able to explains the processes of addiction at the
cellular level; identifying the various structures and systems that
underlie addictive pathology.
• Participants will be able to understand how unregulated pleasure or
trauma creates the addiction foundation in the brain; highlighting the
battle between the “thinking brain and the survival brain.”
• Participants, in the second half of the training will learn the underlying
principles and practices of Eastern Medicine and other
Complimentary & Alternative Medicinal practices used in ancient
healing.
• Participants will learn how energy medicine can be applied to treat
addiction and mental health disorders.
WHAT CAUSES ADDICTION?
LET’S GET TO THE MATTER….GRAY MATTER THAT IS!
PHYSICAL DEPENDENCY MODEL
After repeated exposure to certain drugs, withdrawal symptoms appear if the drug is discontinued.
 Processes 400 billion bits of information per second
 Dedicated to 3 areas----Self-awareness of body, Environment and Time.
 Researchers believe to be controlled by an “Intelligent Design” UniverseBody-Cells-Genes-DNA
 The body makes 10 million cells per second as we lose 10 million cells per
second.
 Every one of the 100 Trillion cells in the body undergoes 100K chemical
reactions per second.
 There are 3.2 billion Nucleic Acid molecules in one cell which is our DNA.
 One stand of DNA inside one cell is 6 ft. long.
 We have enough DNA in our body to go to the Sun and back 150 times.
THE BRAIN IS ITS OWN “UNIVERSE”
“BRAIN WEAVING OF NEURO FIBER BUNDLES”
DT-MRI TECHNOLOGY
“BRAIN’S INTERNAL HIGHWAY”
Research has found that parts of brain are continuously being wired.
Neuron to neuron connection is called a “learning”: repetition of connection is a memory.
In utero, 3rd month of life 8K neurons wire/minute; 6th month of life 4 mil. neurons wire/sec. up to
age 2.
Intentional thinking, experiences and learning something new causes dendritic growth.
Creative thinking, open ended questions and contemplating the future causes neurons to be
organize.
This network of connections and circuits are the finger print of who we are as it codes our
genes.
DNA works in such a way that our parents give us their best genes or the circuits that they
practiced the most.
Brain is wired for 2 states: Survival and Creativity ---80% survival based on the environment.
It takes 17 years for a new piece of information to be processed into our DNA due to survival
wiring.
Therefore, the body is wired in our past, our DNA is wired based on past experiences
upregulated by emotional footprint and stamping.
You cant be or get what your brain isn’t wired for!
MESSAGES LEAVING THE STATION
LOOK BUT DON’T TOUCH!
“KEY OPENS THE LOCK”
“A FLOOD OF PLEASURE CHEMICALS!”
NEURO-CHEMICAL STRUCTURES
COCAINE’S ACTIONS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS
Cocaine binding to uptake pumps; inhibition of dopamine uptake
OPIATE RECEPTOR SITE ACTIVITY
Opiates binding to opiate receptors in the nucleus accumbens: increased dopamine release
www.pbs.org/wnet
/brain/3d/index.ht
ml
A “PLEASURABLE EXPERIENCE” (IE. DRUGS, ALCOHOL & BEHAVIORS) INVOLVES SEVERAL
AREAS OF THE BRAIN; REWARDS SMELLS, TASTES, PLACES, MEMORIES AND EMOTIONS. THE
BRAIN WEAVES THESE THINGS TOGETHER TO CREATE A PLEASURABLE EXPERIENCE.
Pleasure circuit that includes
Nucleus Accumbems and VTA
Wired for survival
Operates 15 seconds at a time
Keeps us alive
Connects survival drives with
reward, pleasure, emotions and
memory
SEX*HUNGER*THIRST*
MID BRAIN DOES NOT THINK!!!
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/3d/index.html
Experiments have been done where
rats have had a wire inserted directly
into their nucleus accumbens.
The rats preferred to press on a switch
that delivered a pleasurable surge of
electricity to the nucleus accumbens
The rats would literally starve to death
rather than stop pressing the switch.
This area is where drugs, alcohol and
behaviors impact on the release of
dopamine.
This creates dopamine surges that
activate the reward and survival
systems.
NUCLEUS ACCUMBEMS
Processes how are needs are being
satisfied.
This area is where drugs, alcohol and
behaviors create a large release of
dopamine while decreasing serotonin.
These dopamine surges activate the
reward and memory systems.
The serotonin regulates satiety and
inhibitions.
Experiments have been done where
rats have had a wire inserted directly
into their nucleus accumbens.
The rats preferred to press on a switch
that delivered a pleasurable surge of
electricity to the nucleus accumbens
The rats would literally starve to death
rather than stop pressing the switch. VENTRAL
TEGMENTAL AREA
ANOTHER VIEW
• Links sensations, emotions from
environmental input that aid in
survival.
• Responsible for what and where
memories are stored in the brain.
• Thought to determine how huge an
emotional response an event
invokes by releasing dopamine.
• Drugs cause a huge release of
dopamine that activates glutamate.
• Glutamate reinforces drug memories
and drug seeking in conjunction with
the VTA or Ventral Tegmental area.
MEMORY CIRCUITRY
http://www.pbs.
org/wnet/brain/
3d/index.html
Once thought that addiction starts
here.
Suggests that addiction is a choice.
The MPFC is the “thinking brain.”
Normally, exerts a downward
impact on the Mid-Brain’s survival
impulses.
The Prefrontal Cortex is overridden
by mid brain when a user is
involved in drug seeking behaviors
and reinforced when they receive
the reward, “the drugs.”
MOTOR PREFRONTAL CORTEX
PLEASURE OVERRIDES SURVIVAL--REVERSE HYPOFRONTALITY
MPFC loses influence over “Survival Brain” in the battle over drug usage. Mid-Brain sends dopamine
(reward) up to Frontal cortex; Frontal cortex releases glutamate (memory) down to the mid brain.
Reward-Survival-Pleasure are incorrectly woven together!
Survival Brain
1.Food
2.Water
3.Shelter
4.Mating instinct
5. Safety
THE HIGH-JACKED BRAIN
Through continual drug use, drugs move up the survival chain where
drugs = survival
Choice, Pleasure and Addiction Connection
FIVE LAYER PROCESS:
GENETIC->REWARDS->MEMORY->STRESS->CHOICE=
CONTROL=ADDICTION & RELAPSE
FRONTAL CORTEX RELIES ON THESE LAYERS TO MAKE GOOD CHOICES
LOSS OF
The Memory of Drugs
Amygdala
not lit up
Front of Brain
Back of Brain
Nature Video
Amygdala
activated
Cocaine Video
Many incarcerated heroin addicts have reported experiencing physical withdrawal symptoms returning home
from prison due to memory cues locked in the Amygdala and hippocampus.
The Hedonic System of Pleasure
Dopamine level trigger pleasure Glutamate locks it
into memory
Allostasis - new pleasure set point
Homeostasis line
Drugs
Sex
Thirst
Foo
d
LOW dopamine levels
After repeated exposure to dopamine “spiking drugs or activities,” the brain begins to records these
activities as related to pleasure then survival. Tolerance is building and patient has acute response to
withdrawal via stress hormone hydro-cortisol. Stress triggers relapse-deepens addiction.
Relapse circuit
THE LOCUS COERULEUS IS ACTIVATED BY FALLING DRUG CONCENTRATIONS-CAUSES A RELEASE OF
OREXIN THAT PROMOTES DRUG ABUSERS' DESIRE FOR DRUGS INCREASE THEIR RISK FOR RELAPSE.
PART II
EAST MEETS WEST:
UNDERSTANDING HOW WELLNESS
BACKED BY NEUROSCIENCE
CAN HELP IN TREATING
MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS
Mental Illness
Body Parts
Medical Paradigm
Dependent &
Reactive
Chemicals
Wellness
Mind-body
Wellness Paradigm
Independence &
Proactive
Energy
DIVERGENT MODELS OF HEALTH
CARE
THE DISCONNECT BETWEEN
EASTERN AND WESTERN MEDICINE
• Western nations follows the way of hypothetical deduction
and the Eastern approach uses the inductive method.
• The Western approach clearly divides the health from the
disease, yet the Eastern approach considers health as a
balanced state versus disease as an unbalanced state.
• The Western approach tends to change the environment
and the Eastern way is to prefer to adapt to the
environment.
• Western model is pathogenic, reductionist, diseasefocused and diagnostically-driven.
NEUROSCIENCE AND THE REEMERGENCE OF
WELLNESS
WHOLE MEDICAL SYSTEMS
• Ayurveda
• Traditional Chinese Medicine
• Native American Shaman
• Homeopathy
• Naturopathy
WHOLE MEDICAL  EASTERN & CHINESE MEDICINE
• Suggests the body can heal itself if the body is in balance.
• Health is perceived as a harmonious equilibrium that exists between
the interplay of:
• 'yin' and 'yang‘
• The five internal elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth)
• The six environmental conditions (dry, wet, hot, cold, wind and
flame),
• External sources of harm (physical injury, insect bites, poison,
overeat and overwork),
• The seven emotions (joy, sorrow, anger, worry, panic, anxiety
and fear).
NATIVE AMERICAN HEALING
• Believed that disease is due to disharmony with nature which includes family,
friends and the environment.
• No division between mind and body
• Natural disorders-treated with herbs, diet, massage and sweat baths
• Supernatural (mental health) disorders-treated with rituals, magic like
medicine wheels and sand paintings.
• Research has found 60% of herbs used had “unquestionable” medicinal
value.
WHOLE MEDICAL--->NATUROPATHY
• Proposes healing power in the body that can
restore one’s health.
• Nutrition
• Lifestyle Counseling
• Exercise
• Herbal medicine from traditional Chinese
Medicine.
WHOLE MEDICAL->NATUROPATHY->EXERCISE
• Archives of Internal Medicine in 1999, divided
156 men and women with depression into three
groups. One group took part in an aerobic
exercise program, another took the SSRI
sertraline (Zoloft), and a third did both.
• At the 16-week mark, depression had eased in
all three groups by about 60%-70%.
• A follow-up to that study found that exercise’s
effects lasted longer than those of
antidepressants.
• A study published in 2005 found that walking
fast for about 35 minutes a day five times a
week or 60 minutes a day three times a week
had a significant influence on mild to moderate
depression symptoms.
ENERGY MEDICINE
• Bio-electromagnetic-based Therapies
• Light Therapies - SAD
• Magnets - TMS
• Bio-field Therapies
• Acupuncture
• Qi Gong
• Reiki
• Therapeutic touch
WHAT IS BODY ENERGY?
ENERGY MEDICINE BIO FIELD  ACUPUNCTURE
• Pain is the number one reason why people seek
acupuncture treatment,
• A new study by researchers at Spaulding
Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, published in the journal Medical
Acupuncture, found “high-level evidence to
support the use of acupuncture for treating
major depressive disorder in pregnancy.”
• Published data suggest that acupuncture,
including manual-, electrical-, and laser-based,
is a generally beneficial, well-tolerated, and
safe monotherapy for depression.
Can J Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;57(7):397-405. Acupuncture for depression: a review of
clinical applications. Wu J, Yeung AS, Schnyer R, Wang Y, Mischoulon D.
ANCIENT CHINESE SECRET:
ACUPRESSURE, ACUPUNCTURE & THE ART OF
REFLEXOLOGY
http://www.eclecticenergies.com/acupressure/points.php
ACUPUNCTURE AND MIGRAINE TREATMENT
The report found that over a 12-month period, headache patients who received regular
acupuncture sessions reported fewer headaches, had a higher quality of life, missed fewer days
from work, used less medication, and made fewer visits to a general practitioner than patients given
standard treatment for headaches. N=401 British Medical Journal 2013
ENERGY MEDICINE  BIO-FIELD  QIGONG
• Qigong, from which tai chi (qi) originates, is a discipline that involves the
mind, breath, and movement to create a calm, natural balance of energy
that can be used in work, recreation or self-defense.
• Like yoga, where many varieties have evolved, there are more than 3,000
varieties of qigong.
• Five major traditions: Taoist, Buddhist, Confucian, martial arts, and medical.
• Two major types: "soft" and "hard."
• Soft qigong is called inner qigong, of which tai chi is an example.
MANIPULATIVE AND BODY BASED PRACTICES
• Chelation-removal of Toxins
• Diet Based therapies
• Dietary supplements
• Chiropractic
• Massage
• Movement Therapies
•
•
•
•
Dance
Pilates
Tai Chi
Yoga
MANIPULATIVE  MASSAGE THERAPY
• What new research shows: A review of more than a
dozen massage studies conducted by the Touch
Research Institute at the University of Miami School
of Medicine concludes that massage therapy
relieves depression and anxiety by affecting the
body's biochemistry.
• In a series of studies including about 500 men,
women, and children with depression or stress
problems, researchers measured the stress hormone
cortisol in participants before and immediately after
massage and found that the therapy lowered levels
by up to 53%.
• Cortisol can drive up blood pressure and blood
sugar levels and suppress the immune system.
• Massage also increased serotonin and dopamine,
neurotransmitters that help reduce depression.
THE RESEARCH ON MASSAGE
• Depression
According to Health Canada, 11 percent of men and 16 percent of women will
experience severe depression over the course of their lives. Studies show,
however, that massage therapy can be an effective tool for dealing with
depression.
• In a study published in Support Care Cancer (2010), breast cancer patients who
received two 30-minute massages weekly for five weeks reported significant
reductions in depression and anxious depression compared to those who
received no massage therapy.
• In addition, a meta-analysis of 17 studies conducted by Taiwanese researchers
found massage therapy was strongly associated with relieving depressive
symptoms.
• Anxiety
Health Canada reports that of all mental disorders, anxiety conditions top the list.
They estimate that 10 percent of Canadians suffer anxiety in some form. But
anxiety can be reduced by the positive effects of massage.
• Turkish researchers measured burn patients’ anxiety levels before and after
massage therapy sessions. Over the course of a five-week period participants
showed a significant reduction of symptoms, including itching, pain, and anxiety
from the first treatment to the last.
MASSAGE IN THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY
• Promotes deeper breathing
• Improves posture
• Improves circulation
• Enhances skin tone and skin health
• Increases and promotes joint flexibility
• Enhances a calm mind
• Reduces anxiety
• Increases self-awareness
• Promotes mental alertness
• Increases peace of mind
• Satisfies need for human touch
MANIPULATIVE  MOVEMENT YOGA
THE RESEARCH ON YOGA
• Since the 1970s, meditation and other stress-reduction techniques have
been studied as possible treatments for depression and anxiety.
• 7.5% of U.S. adults had tried yoga at least once, and that nearly 4%
practiced yoga in the previous year.
• Many of the studies evaluating yoga's therapeutic benefits have been
small and poorly designed.
• However, a 2004 analysis found that, in recent decades, an increasing
number have been randomized controlled trials — the most rigorous
standard for proving efficacy.
• Ezzat suggests that those with severe problems “should be managed and
treated primarily [in conjunction with] the patient’s family doctor and/or
naturopathic doctor’s recommendations.”
MIND-BODY MEDICINE
• Art & Music Therapy
• Biofeedback & Neuro-feedback
• Guided & Non Directive Imagery
• Hypnosis
• Meditation
MIND-BODY  NEURO FEEDBACK
• Is a relatively new biofeedback technique that focuses on helping a person train
themselves to directly affect brain function.
• rewards for patterns of brainwave activity that are better for the person.
• This is referred to as “self-regulation,” because the individual is learning how to regulate
their own actual brainwave patterns.
• Key brainwave frequencies are turned into a combination of images and sound feedback,
which the person watches and hears.
• The brainwave activity information is presented to the person in the form of a video game.
The person is effectively playing the video game with his or her brain. Eventually the
brainwave activity is “shaped” toward more desirable and more regulated performance.
MIND-BODY  GUIDED IMAGERY
• Guided imagery is a process of using the connection
between body and mind to bring about positive
changes in yourself, and it has been used to treat
depression.
• It involves entering into a calm state of mind to increase
the function of the right side of the brain, which controls
creativity, spatial abilities, and more.
• Guided imagery is the use of visualizations, words,
and/or music to evoke positive images that bring
beneficial effect for a person.
• Guided imagery is more than just visualizing something
you want or imagining things a different way; it is a
process of using the connection between body and
mind to bring about positive changes in yourself, and it
has been used to treat depression.
MIND-BODY  GUIDED IMAGERY  MEDITATION
• 2 foci of meditation:
• Concentrative-focus on single
object
• Non-concentrative- focus on
one’s mental activity
• 4 Forms of Meditation
•
•
•
•
Transcendental Meditation
Respiratory One method
Clinically Standardized Meditation
Mindfulness Meditation
ENERGY MEDICINE  BIO-ELECTROMAGNETIC  TMS
• 35 minutes 30 days
• Used in the treatment of
Chronic recurrent
resistant depression.
• 50% -Remission rate in 6
weeks; additional 35%
see a 50% reduction in
HAM-D scores.
• At 12 months post
treatment, 68%
maintained their
treatment gains.
THE SCIENCE BEHIND MEDITATION
• Research has shown that meditators are
healthier, shorter length of stays inpatient
(53%) and outpatient (44.4%)
• 3 year study by Kabot-Zinn (1992), Miller
et al (1995) found that outcome achieved
at 3 months were maintained at 3 years in
reducing anxiety.
• Benson et al. (1972) found decrease in
drug, alcohol and cigarettes after 21
months of meditation. (n=1862)
BENEFITS OF MEDITATION
• Reduced stress hormones & ability
to manage pain better
• Increases Frontal Alpha waves denotes absence of Anxiety.
• Increases willpower and mental
strength.
• Creates better internal rhythms
through mantras.
• EEG proves balancing of brain
hemispheres.
AT THE CROSSROADS:
GENETIC REPROGRAMMING AND ENERGY
MEDICINE
https://youtu.be/kOdtKt2fT1I?t=300
Thank you