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Transcript
Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division How Surface Area to Volume Ratio Limits Cell Size DNA “overload” - If cell gets too big_______ can‛t regulate cellular functions Exchange of materials – • All raw materials necessary for metabolism enter the cell through its ______________ • Nutrients _______ into cell and wastes diffuse out • ____________ must allow sufficient exchange to support the cell Factors that influence rate of diffusion: • The rate of diffusion depends on the concentration difference across the two sides of the membrane. • The rate depends on the permeability of the plasma membrane to the diffusing substance. • The rate of diffusion through a membrane is also directly proportional to the surface area of the membrane Cell Size Surface area = L x W x 6 Volume = L x w x H Ratio of S/A : V • Cell‛s surface area to volume ratio determines the _________________ • This ratio limits how large cells can be • As a cell grows its SA/V ratio ____________ • When SA/V ratio becomes too small the _____________________is too small to supply enough raw materials to support its volume • At this point the cell cannot get larger 1 http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html M phase AKA Cell Division only time chromosomes become visible Four Phases of the Cell Cycle: G1 - __________ _________and new __________ are formed (G=gap) Interphase Includes _________ S phase ___________ _______, and ___________ production (proteins for: ___________ ___________ ___________ G2 - cell _________ and preparation for ____________ 2 • • • • Mitosis Division of the cell __________, ___________ and _______________ Produces ______________________cells Source of ___________for _________ and _______ of damaged cells Growing cells divide to form two “daughter” cells 1) Prophase - a. _______________________ b. __________________________form and line up on opposite sides of the nucleus Interphase c. _____________________ -disintegrates Spindle Centrioles Centrioles Nuclear envelope Centriole Centromere Chromatin Cytokinesis - division of the __________ ________________ ________________ Nuclear Envelope Forming 4) Telophase-________ ___________________ and patches of old ___________________ join to form nuclear envelope Spindle Centriole 2) Metaphase each chromosome is connected to a ___________at its ___________ 3) Anaphase_________________ • Chromosomes _________________ are _____________ into individual _________________ _____________ _____________ and move apart Individual Chromosomes Cytokinesis in plant cells • rigid walls can‛t be pinched inward • __________– cellulose deposits slowly forms midway between the Cell Plate divided nuclei • gradually develops into a ________________ 3 Cyclins Growth factors, cyclins and p53 gene all regulate the-___________ ____________ - Family of several different __________ that regulate the _______ __________________ –Respond to conditions outside the cell to direct cells to speed up or slow down the _____________ • prevents excessive cell growth and keeps tissues of body from disrupting one another (such as embryonic development and wound healing) Controlled cell growth -some cells in a petri dish w/ nutrient broth Some cells don't respond to regulatory proteins at this point and may become cancerous Cells removed from dish Cells will grow until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish Demonstrates that the controls on cell growth and cell division can be turned on and off Cells bordering the open space will begin dividing until they have filled the empty space ___________________ – Regulate timing/rate of each phase of the cell cycle and each step of _______ • Certain processes must happen before proceeding to next phase • ___________________ – cells don‛t __________ or _______ themselves such as _________ and _______________ Cyclins: 4 Uncontrolled Cell Growth Cancer cells - control over cell cycle broken down • Don‛t respond to _________________ that control cell growth • Carbohydrate chains on plasma membrane don‛t work • Don‛t produce _______________ that control the cell cycle • Divide uncontrollably and form __________ _____________ – masses of cancerous cells that damage surrounding tissues • _____________ may break away and spread to other tissues of the body - ____________ • _____________________________ _____________________________ • Causes cells to lose the genetic information needed to respond to the signals from cyclins that control their growth • _____________________________ • ________________ – tells cells how to respond to internal regulators (_________) 5