Download Cell Organelles Student Notes

Cell Organelles ●
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Organelles o Organelle​—structures __________________________________ distinct processes within the cell Cell Membrane o Cell membrane​—a boundary between a cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell o Description: ▪ Thin, flexible barrier made of phospholipids between cell and environment o Function: ▪ ▪ Selectively permeable o Plant/Animal/Both? ▪ Cytoplasm o Cytoplasm​—jellylike substance that contains dissolved molecular ____________________________ o Description: ▪ Jellylike material o Function: ▪ Chemical reactions occur here ▪ Supplies necessary building blocks (proteins, nucleic acids, minerals, and ions) o Plant/Animal/Both? ▪ Both Cytoskeleton o Cytoskeleton​—a _______________________________ that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell o Description: ▪ Inside cytoplasm o Three forms: ▪ Microtubules—long hollow tubes that give cell its shape and provide pathways for movement of organelles ▪ Intermediate filaments—give a cell strength ▪ Microfilaments—tiny threads that allow cells to move and divide o Function: ▪ ▪ Helps position and transport organelles ▪ ▪ Assists in cell division ▪ Aids in cell movement o Plant/Animal/Both? ▪ Both Centriole o Centriole​—cylinder­shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle o Description: ▪ Found near the nucleus, made of microtubules o Function: ▪ o Plant/Animal/Both? ▪ ●
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Cell Wall o Cell wall​—a rigid layer that ___________________________________________ to the cell o Description: ▪ Outermost boundary o Function: ▪ Provides support and protection o Plant/Animal/Both? ▪ Plant only Nucleus o Nucleus​—the storehouse for most of the genetic information (DNA) o Description: ▪ __________________________________________, which is usually in the form of chromatin (tightly coiled strands of DNA) ▪ Surrounded by nuclear envelope (controls material in and out of nucleus) o Function: ▪ Controls all functioning of the cell o Plant/Animal/Both? ▪ Both Nucleolus o Description: ▪ Dark region inside the nucleus o Function: ▪ o Plant/Animal/Both? ▪ Both Endoplasmic Reticulum o Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)​—an _____________________________ of thin folded membranes o Two types: ▪ Rough ER ▪ Smooth ER Rough ER o Description: ▪ Network of interconnected flattened sacs that are _____________________________ o Function: ▪ Provides a pathway thru which ribosomes make proteins ▪ May enclose products in transport vesicles o Plant/Animal/Both? ▪ Both Smooth ER o Description: ▪ No ribosomes, folded network of tubules outside rough ER o Function: ▪ ___________________________, detoxification by liver cells, store calcium ions o Plant/Animal/Both? ▪ Both ●
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Ribosomes o Ribosome​—tiny organelles that _________________________________ to form proteins o Description: ▪ Look like small dots ▪ Found in two locations: ● Free ribosomes—float in cytoplasm ● Attached ribosomes—connected to Rough ER o Function: ▪ o Plant/Animal/Both? ▪ Both Golgi Apparatus o Golgi appartus​—closely layered stacks of membrane­enclosed spaces that ________________________________________________ o Description: ▪ Stacked, flattened sacs (like pancakes) o Function: ▪ Store, modify, transport macromolecules ▪ Form _______________________________________________ o Plant/Animal/Both? ▪ Both Vesicles o Vesicles​—a general name used to describe small membrane­bound sacs that divide some material from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within the cell o Description: ▪ Membrane­bound sacs filled with materials o Function: ▪ ___________________________ throughout the cell or into or out of the cell o Animal/Plant/Both? ▪ Both Vacuole o Vacuole​—a fluid­filled sac used for the ________________________________ needed by a cell o Description: ▪ Sac filled with water, food molecules, inorganic ions, and/or enzymes ▪ Central vacuole—found only in plants and used to add support to cell and store watery fluid o Function: ▪ Storage areas for food, water, enzymes and wastes o Plant/Animal/Both? ▪ Both (except central vacuole in plants) Lysosome o Lysosome​—membrane­bound organelles that contain enzymes o Description: ▪ Sac­like structure o Function: ▪ ________________________________ that digest excess or worn out cell parts, food or invaders o Plant/Animal/Both? ▪ Mitochondria o
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Mitochondria​—supply energy to the cell Description: ▪ Jelly bean shape with inner folds o Function: ▪ _____________________________—releases energy from food molecules and turns it into ATP o Plant/Animal/Both? ▪ Both Chloroplasts o Chloroplasts​—organelles that __________________________________________ o Description: ▪ Contain green pigment called chlorophyll o Function: ▪ Conversion of light energy to chemical energy of sugars (photosynthesis) o Plant/Animal/Both? Plant vs. Animal Cells Plant Only Common Organelles Animal Only