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OPERANT CONDITIONING Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in behavioral change B.F. Skinner is best known for his work with the operant conditioning theory. Believed that how we turn out is a direct result of what we learn from all of the operations (operant) that we make over the years Skinner Box Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Uses the term response Uses the term behavior Response is biologically based (ex: fear or anxiety); involuntary Behavior is not biologically based; it is voluntary Main components: stimulus and its response Main components: behavior and its consequence Cannot be used to shape behavior Can be used to shape behavior Stimulus causes the response Consequence influences the behavior To extinguish the response: stop pairing To decrease learned behavior: stop reinforcing Reinforcement is something that follows a response and strengthens the tendency to repeat that response PRIMARY & SECONDARY REINFORCERS Primary reinforcement is something that is necessary for survival. Ex: food or water Secondary reinforcement is a stimulus that we have learned to value (linked to a primary reinforcer) Positive Reinforcement • Positive consequence that increases the chance of desired behavior because something is added (+) or presented. • Can be thought of as a reward! • Getting a present on X-mas for being Good all year Negative reinforcement is when something that is unpleasant is stopped or taken away when something is done Headache stops when you take Tylenol so you strengthened the behavior of taking Tylenol Reinforcement always strengthens a response, rather than weakening it. Punishment involves decreasing the frequency of a behavior. Punishment always weakens a response, rather than strengthening it. Operant Conditioning There are two types of consequences: • positive (sometimes called pleasant) • negative (sometimes called aversive) Operant Conditioning Two actions can be taken with these stimuli: • they can be ADDED to the learner’s environment. • they can be SUBRACTED from the learner’s environment. Changing behaviors…….. Operant Conditioning Reinforcement, Increase Behavior Positive: An Item added Negative : An Item Take away Add (+) Positive Reinforcement Subtract (-) Negative Reinforcement Punishment, Decrease Behavior Add (+) Positive Punishment Subtract (-) Negative Punishment REINFORCEMENT (STRENGTHENS) (Increase a behavior) POSITIVE (ADDED) To situation NEGATIVE (SUBTRACTED) From situation • Clean the house and earn $5 • You get a mint for answering a question in class • a paycheck for working • $10 for getting an “A” on your report card • You get praised for coming home before curfew. •Faking a stomach ache to avoid school (avoidance) • Turning down the volume of a very loud radio • studying for the next exam in Psych to avoid getting another bad grade in Mr. Fruhwirth’s class PUNISHMENT (WEAKENS) (Decrease behavior) • You get your mouth washed out with soap when you say a bad word. • Getting a ticket for speeding •Doing push-ups for being late to Mr. Frith’s class. •You get a detention for being late to class—for the 5th time. • You lose your driving privileges for breaking curfew • Time out, or the loss of freedom to combat bad behavior •You lose your cell phone because of last months phone bill Analyzing An Example Billy likes to campout in the backyard. He campedout on every Friday during the month of June. The last time he camped out, some older kids snuck up to his tent while he was sleeping and threw a bucket of cold water on him. Billy has not camped-out for three weeks. 1. What behavior was changed? Camping out Analyzing An Example Billy likes to campout in the backyard. He campedout on every Friday during the month of June. The last time he camped out, some older kids snuck up to his tent while he was sleeping and threw a bucket of cold water on him. Billy has not camped-out for three weeks. 2. Was the behavior strengthened or weakened? Weakened (Behavior decreased) We Eliminate positive and negative reinforcement Analyzing An Example Billy likes to campout in the backyard. He campedout on every Friday during the month of June. The last time he camped out, some older kids snuck up to his tent while he was sleeping and threw a bucket of cold water on him. Billy has not camped-out for three weeks. 3. What was the consequence? Having water thrown on him. 4. Was the behavior consequence added or subtracted? Added + Analyzing An Example Billy likes to campout in the backyard. He campedout on every Friday during the month of June. The last time he camped out, some older kids snuck up to his tent while he was sleeping and threw a bucket of cold water on him. Billy has not camped-out for three weeks. Since a consequence was ADDED and the behavior was WEAKENED (REDUCED), the process was Positive Punishment.