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CHAPTER 8: LEARNING ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Learning can be defined as a change in mental processes as well as behavior. It can be studied scientifically. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: 1. How do we know when something is “learned”? 2. How does learning affect behavior and vice versa? After reading this chapter, you should know the following information: the characteristics of learning the principles of operant and classical conditioning the various reinforcement schedules / punishment the components of cognitive and social learning the role of nature/nurture in learning CHAPTER NOTES: As you read the chapter, use the table below to take notes and/or summarize the “big ideas” of the chapter. In addition, it is good practice to list the important vocabulary, concepts, and people under each section. Use the larger right column for your own notes and answers to the questions in the left column. You may also use the left column to jot down questions/vocabulary or make a mini-outline. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, page 313 Describe Pavlov's demonstration of classical conditioning and the key elements in this form of learning. Clarify how classical conditioning may shape emotions and physiological processes, including drug effects. Describe acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning. Compare the processes of generalization and discrimination. Discuss the importance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning. Describe the ways that biological processes can affect learning by classical conditioning. Describe some of the ways that classical conditioning can be used to improve human health and well-being. Review the classic study of Little Albert. OPERANT CONDITIONING, page 326 Contrast operant and classical conditioning and articulate Thorndike's law of effect. Explain Skinner's principle of reinforcement and describe the terminology and procedures in operant research. Describe acquisition, shaping, and extinction in operant conditioning. Explain how stimuli govern operant behavior through generalization and discrimination. Identify various types of schedules of reinforcement and discuss their typical effects. Distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement. Compare escape learning and avoidance learning. Describe punishment and assess issues related to punishment as a disciplinary procedure. Describe Tolman’s research on latent learning and its theoretical importance. Explain how extrinsic and intrinsic motivation influence the learning process. Explain how biological predispositions place restraints on the learning process. Explain some practical applications of operant learning in everyday life. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING, page 341 Explain the nature and importance of observational learning. Discuss the importance of mirror neurons. Describe Bandura’s classic research on TV models and aggression. Discuss modern research on the effects of media violence. Discuss practical applications of observational learning.