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DNA and Transcription Tutorial
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Transcription
Predicting Transcription
Review Questions
Place your keyboard aside. Only use the mouse.
Genes and
DNA
Monosaccharides
make up complex
sugars
Fatty acids make
up lipids
DNA can be divided into
segments called genes.
It is estimated that
human DNA is
composed of ~25,000
genes among its 46 total
chromosomes.
Quick Review. Proteins are
made which smaller
units called?
monosaccharide
Amino acid
Fatty acid
nucleotide
Nucleotides make
up nucleic acids
back
Genes
Correct. Amino acids link to
create proteins.
Genes (small sections of DNA)
are blueprints to make
proteins for use throughout
the body. Genes are found
inside the nucleus of cells,
Chloroplasts
but proteins are created
creates sugars
outside of the nucleus.
Quick review. Which organelle
creates proteins?
Mitochondria
creates ATP energy
Lysosomes break
down food and
pathogens
mitochondria
chloroplast
lysosome
ribosome
back
Meet Melissa
Yes! Ribosomes make proteins.
Melissa is an architect and has designed
a new high-rise apartment complex.
The construction blueprint holds the
information needed to create the highrise apartment complex.
A gene is like the construction blueprints.
The gene holds the information
needed to make a protein.
Quick Review. A gene is a small section
of?
DNA
Proteins
Proteins are
created from
DNA codes
RNA
RNA is created
from DNA. Stay
tuned.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes make
proteins
back
Transcription
Correct! Let’s move on though…
The DNA undergoes a process called
transcription. Transcription is the
process where the DNA code of a gene
is used to make a molecule called
messenger RNA (mRNA).
Examine the picture. The red letters are
DNA nucleotides. The green letters are
mRNA being created. Notice how
mRNA nucleotides are attaching to the
DNA sequence.
Quick review: Where is DNA stored?
Vacuole
Vacuole stores water
and waste
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm contains many
organelles, but not the DNA
Vesicle
Vesicles usually
transport proteins
back
Transcription (continued)
Yes, the nucleus stores DNA.
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
T
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C
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Key
Nitrogen
base
sugar
phosphate
back
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
T
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C
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G
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RNA
Polymerase
Key
Nitrogen
base
sugar
phosphate
back
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
T
A
C
A
G
G
T
T
G
T
C
C
A
RNA
Polymerase
A
Key
Nitrogen
base
sugar
phosphate
back
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
T
A
C
A
G
G
T
G
T
C
C
A
RNA
Polymerase
A
T
Key
Nitrogen
base
sugar
phosphate
back
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
T
A
C
A
G
G
T
T
C
C
A
RNA
Polymerase
A
T
G
Key
Nitrogen
base
sugar
phosphate
back
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
T
A
C
A
G
G
T
C
C
A
RNA
Polymerase
A
T
G
T
Key
Nitrogen
base
sugar
phosphate
back
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
T
A
C
A
G
G
T
C
A
RNA
Polymerase
A
T
G
T
C
Key
Nitrogen
base
sugar
phosphate
back
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
T
A
C
A
G
G
T
RNA
Polymerase
A
A
T
G
T
C
C
Key
Nitrogen
base
sugar
phosphate
back
Transcription (continued)
Now that the DNA has been separated, free-floating mRNA
nucleotides bond to the now open DNA nucleotides.
T
A
C
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G
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T
RNA
Polymerase
A
T
G
T
C
C
A
back
Transcription Rules
Now that the DNA has been separated, free-floating mRNA
nucleotides bond to the now open DNA nucleotides.
Before performing transcription, remember the table below.
DNA
mRNA
A
U
T
A
C
G
G
C
back
Predicting Transcription
Use the transcription table to predict which mRNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
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C
A
G
G
T
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A
U
Remember:
DNA “A” with RNA “U”
DNA “T” with RNA “A”
DNA “C” with RNA “G”
DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Click one
C
G
Try Again
A
T
G
T
C
C
A
back
Predicting Transcription
Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
T
A
A
U
A
C
A
G
U
T
Remember:
DNA “A” with RNA “U”
DNA “T” with RNA “A”
DNA “C” with RNA “G”
DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Click one
C
G
G
Try Again
A
T
G
T
C
C
A
back
Predicting Transcription
Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
T
A
C
A
U
G
A
A
G
U
T
Remember:
DNA “A” with RNA “U”
DNA “T” with RNA “A”
DNA “C” with RNA “G”
DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Click one
C
G
G
Try Again
A
T
G
T
C
C
A
back
Predicting Transcription
Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
T
A
C
A
A
U
G
U
A
G
U
T
Remember:
DNA “A” with RNA “U”
DNA “T” with RNA “A”
DNA “C” with RNA “G”
DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Click one
C
G
G
Try Again
A
T
G
T
C
C
A
back
Predicting Transcription
Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
T
A
C
A
G
A
U
G
U
C
A
G
U
Click one
C
G
T
Remember:
DNA “A” with RNA “U”
DNA “T” with RNA “A”
DNA “C” with RNA “G”
DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Try Again
A
T
G
T
C
C
A
back
Predicting Transcription
Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
T
A
C
A
G
G
A
U
G
U
C
C
A
T
U
Click one
C
Remember:
DNA “A” with RNA “U”
DNA “T” with RNA “A”
DNA “C” with RNA “G”
DNA “G” with RNA “C”
G
Try Again
A
T
G
T
C
C
A
back
Predicting Transcription
Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
T
A
C
A
G
G
T
A
U
G
U
C
C
A
A
U
Click one
C
Remember:
DNA “A” with RNA “U”
DNA “T” with RNA “A”
DNA “C” with RNA “G”
DNA “G” with RNA “C”
G
Try Again
A
T
G
T
C
C
A
back
Predicting Transcription
Now that the mRNA is complete, it will detach from the DNA…
Exit the nucleus… And then hook up with a ribosome.
T
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C
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T
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G
U
C
C
A
A
T
G
T
C
C
A
back
Predicting Transcription
Now that the mRNA is complete, it will detach from the DNA…
Exit the nucleus… And then hook up with a ribosome.
T
A
C
A
G
G
T
A
U
G
U
C
C
A
A
T
G
T
C
C
A
back
Fate of the DNA?
Once the mRNA breaks away, the DNA will recombine.
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back
Fate of the DNA?
Once the mRNA breaks away, the DNA will recombine.
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back
The final stage.
Remember Melissa? Her blueprint for the apartment
complex needs to be copied and then taken to the
construction site. In this analogy, Melissa would fax
the blueprints over to the construction site. The fax
would be the mRNA. The construction site is the
ribosome.
Now that a copy of the blueprint has arrived, the
construction team can begin to build the apartment
complex. In a cell, now that the mRNA has arrived,
the ribosome has the instructions to begin to make a
protein.
back
A
The final stage.
U
G
U
C
C
A
ribosome
mRNA is a complementary copy of the DNA…
the mRNA exits the nucleus…
the mRNA links up with a ribosome.
Once at the ribosome, the process called translation will begin. Translation is
the process where a ribosome builds a protein. The details of translation will be
discussed another day. For now, let’s review.
back
Final Review #1
What will eventually be created by the DNA code
of a gene?
ribosome
Ribosomes will be used
to make proteins
protein
nucleolus
The nucleolus makes
ribosomes
back
Final Review #2
Correct! Now try this one…
RNA polymerase separates DNA at the start of
which process?
transcription
translation
We will discuss
translation another day
replication
DNA helicase separates
DNA during replication
back
Final Review #3
Correct. Now try this one…
RNA polymerase is a type of which organic
molecule?
Which chemicals end
with ASE?
Nucleic Acid
Which chemicals end
with ASE?
Carbohydrate
Which chemicals end
with ASE?
Lipid
Proteins/enzyme
back
Final Review #4
Correct! Now try this one…
Remember:
DNA “A” with RNA “U”
DNA “T” with RNA “A”
DNA “C” with RNA “G”
DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Try Again
Which shows the process of transcription done
properly?
Key
Black = DNA
Red = mRNA
back
Final Review #5
Correct. Now try this one…
After exiting the nucleus, where will the finished
mRNA travel?
Mitochondria makes ATP
energy. mRNA is not
needed for this.
mitochondria
The nucleolus makes
ribosomes. mRNA is not
needed for this.
ribosome
nucleolus
back
Final Review #6
Correct…now try this last one…
Once arriving at the ribosome, which process will
begin next?
Replication is not
performed while making
a protein.
Replication
Transcription already
happened to make the
mRNA that has arrived
at the ribosome.
Transcription
Translation
Good job…
I hope this tutorial was helpful. Keep your handout. This tutorial
is posted on edmodo. Feel free to start over if you would like to
do some review.