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Download Chapter 3-1 • Definitions: - Genetics: the scientific study of heredity
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Chapter 3-1 • Definitions: - Genetics: the scientific study of heredity - Heredity: the passing of traits from parent to offspring - Trait: different physical characteristics - Purebred: an organism that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parent - Gene: factor that controls traits - Allele: different forms of a gene - Dominant Allele: its trait always shows when the allele is present - Recessive Allele: is masked by the dominant allele - Hybrid: having two different alleles for a trait • Mendel - is called the “Father of Genetics” - used pea plants in his experiments because a. we get many offspring in one generation and in short time b. traits come in either of 2 forms - crossed 2 plants by taking pollen from the male flower and transferring to the female flower of the same kind of plant - his experiments: - Notes: a. Each organism inherits 2 alleles from parents, one from mom and one from dad. b. Tall allele + Tall allele = Tall Tall allele + Short allele = Tall Short allele + Short allele = Short Chapter 3-2 • Punnett Square: tool to show all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross and determine the probability of an outcome • Phenotype: physical appearance or visible trait, ex. Tall, green • Genotype: genetic makeup or allele combination, ex. TT, Tt, GG • Purebred: same alleles; also known as homozygous, ex. TT, tt • Hybrid: different alleles; also known as heterozygous, ex. Tt • Codominance: see pg. 99, figure 11 The alleles are not dominant or recessive; neither allele is masked; both alleles appear. Chapter 3-3 • The sex cells include the female cells or the eggs and the male cells or the sperm. • The grasshopper egg contains 12 chromosomes; the grasshopper sperm also contains 12 chromosomes. When the egg and sperm join in fertilization, the fertilized egg has 12 plus 12 or 24 chromosomes (12 pairs); one in each pair coming from dad and one from mom. • Chromosome Theory of Inheritance: genes are passed from parent to offspring on the chromosomes. • Meiosis: process by which chromosome # is reduced when forming sex cells • You can use a Punnett Square to show the events of meiosis. The alleles separate when sex cells form. • Chromosomes are made of genes joined together like beads on a string. • Many genes means many traits. • On a chromosome pair the genes are in the same order; however the alleles can be different on each one. Chapter 3-4 • Introduction Genes contain DNA and therefore many of the nitrogen bases that line up in a specific order. This order forms a genetic code which determines the type of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins determine your traits. • Role of RNA RNA stands for Ribonucleic acid. RNA carries the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where proteins are made. Differences between RNA and DNA sugar strand Nitrogen bases location DNA Deoxyribose 2 A, T, C, G nucleus function has the genetic code - RNA Ribose 1 A, U (Uracil), C, G made in the nucleus; goes to cytoplasm carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm Types of RNA: a. messenger RNA (m-RNA) which carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome in the cytoplasm b. transfer RNA (t-RNA) which carries amino acids needed to make proteins • Protein Synthesis (translation) DNA unzips. One of the strands of DNA directs the making of m-RNA by pairing the bases (A-U and C-G); this process is called transcription. m-RNA leaves the nucleus to go to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. t-RNA picks up amino acids according to a 3-letter code, called codon, and attaches on the m-RNA. Amino acids join to from proteins. • Mutation: a change in a gene or chromosome resulting in - a change in the protein made - this changes the phenotype - therefore the trait is changed Gene mutation happens during DNA replication when the Nbases are changed. Chromosome mutation happens during meiosis when chromosomes fail to separate correctly resulting in too many or too few chromosomes. Mutations can cause genetic variety. Some mutations are harmful resulting in less chance of survival or reproduction; others are helpful resulting in more chance of survival or reproduction; others are neutral. Whether a mutation is harmful or helpful partly depends on the environment.