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Cells Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes From CellBiology Life - Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Bacteria - Escherichia coli Movie - Neutrophil chasing Bacterium Introduction This current page is the science lecture Medicine Foundations 2016 Lecture Link This lecture introduces the cell as the unit of life. Firstly, by the methods we use to see cells and biological structures and what we consider to be "alive". Then by looking at major differences between cell types and their organisation as unicellular or multicellular organisms. Finally, the presence or absence of a nucleus which is the definition of the major 2 classes of cells. (Greek, Karyose = kernel, as in a kernel of grain) Archive 2016 PDF 2014 (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=50796) | 2013 (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=47684) | 2012 (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=32141) | 2012 iLecture (http://lectopia.telt.unsw.edu.au/lectopia/lectopia.lasso?ut=90&id=128663) | 2009 iLecture (http://lectopia.elearning.unsw.edu.au/ilectures/ilectures.lasso?ut=90&id=38293) | 2009 Cell Types | 2008 Cell Types (http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/science/lecture0802.htm) Objectives Introduction to biological molecules Understand the dimensions cells Understand differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Understand differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms Brief understanding of viruses and prions About Human Body Human Cells 210+ cell types in body total number of estimated cells in the body - 1013 (American Ten trillion/British Ten billion) Flora bacteria, fungi and archaea found on all surfaces exposed to the environment skin and eyes, in the mouth, nose, small intestine most bacteria live in the large intestine 500 to 1000 species of bacteria live in the human gut total number of estimated flora ten times as many bacteria 1014 (American One hundred trillion/British One hundred billion) Cell Sizes frog or fish egg are the largest individual cells easily visible, approx 1+ mm diameter human or sea urchin egg, approx 100 micron (µm) diameter typical somatic cell, approx 20 micron diameter plant cells are larger, approx 30 x 20 micron bacteria are smaller, approx 2 x 1 micron Divisions of Life Time scale of evolution (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9841/figure/A93/? report=objectonly) Prokaryotic Salamander egg (oocyte) bacteria and archaea (single-celled microorganisms previously called archaebacteria) no cell nucleus or any other organelles within their cells organisms that can live in extreme habitats http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html Archaea (Halobacteria) Eukaryotic animals plants fungi (yeast, unicellular) protists (not animals, plants or fungi) Textbook Links: The Origin and Evolution of Cells (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9841/) | MBoC -Divisions of Life (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi? book=mboc4&part=A2&rendertype=figure&id=A41) Unicellular and Multicellular File:Leukocyte phagocytosis of yeast Unicellular All prokaryotes and some eukaryotes Yeast + budding, non-budding Protozoa + classified by means of locomotion: flagellates, amoeboids, sporozoans, ciliates + often "feed" on bacteria Amoeba feeding on a bacteria (Legionella pneumophila) Multicellular Eukaryotes Plants and Animals Allowed development of specialized cells functions and tissues Prokaryote Escherichia coli bacteria Micrococcus luteus bacteria Bacteria morphology evolutionarily arose first (3.5 billion years ago) Evolution of Cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi? book=cooper&part=A90&rendertype=figure&id=A103) bacteria are smaller, approx 2 x 1 micron (1x10-6 m) not all bacteria are dangerous or disease causing (MH - the adult human in addition bacteria to the skin surface and lining of the respiratory/digestive tract, also has intestines contains trillions of bacteria made up from hundreds of species and thousands of subspecies) biochemically diverse simple structure, classified by shape (rod-shaped, spherical or spiral-shaped) some prokaryotic cells have also been shown to have a "cytoskeleton", which is different from eukaryotic cells. Bacterial morphologies Bacteria morphology Prokaryote Membrane Common to Eukaryote lipid bilayer - containing protein and phospholipid (about 3:1) lipid rafts - stabilised membrane regions containing flotillins scaffolding proteins for processes - signalling, endo- and exocytosis, transport, protein translocation and cell division Surface Specializations Flagella - flagella of motile bacteria differ in structure from eukaryotic flagella. A basal body anchored in the plasma membrane and cell wall gives rise to a cylindrical protein filament. The flagellum moves by whirling about its long axis. The number and arrangement of flagella on the cell are diagnostically useful. Pili - (Fimbriae) slender, hair-like, proteinaceous appendages on the surface of many (particularly Gram-negative) bacteria. required for adhesion to host surfaces. Capsules - lies outside the cell wall, thick outer capsule of high-molecular-weight, viscous polysaccharide gel; others have more amorphous slime layers. Capsules confer resistance to phagocytosis. Prokaryotic Motility Some bacteria are highly motile and there are differing mechanisms of motility. Bacteria Motility Page | Play flagella motility spiral bacteria Prokaryotes Cell Wall Bacterial Shape - Bacterial shapes and cell-surface structures Bacterial Membranes - A small section of the double membrane of an E. coli bacterium Bacterial outer membranes - outer membrane contains porins Bacterial cell walls - Bacterial cell walls (http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV108/clipart/cellwall.gif) Gram-negative bacteria surrounded by a thin cell wall beneath the outer membrane Gram-positive bacteria lack outer membranes and have thick cell walls (MH - note that some unicellular eukaryotes can also have a cell wall) Antibiotics (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi? db=Books&rid=cooper.table.1198) - inhibit either bacterial protein synthesis or bacterial cell wall synthesis Antibiotic targets Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Prokaryote cell cartoon Molecular Biology of the Cell Figure 25-4. Bacterial shapes and cell-surface structures (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi? db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4620) Figure 11-17. A small section of the double membrane of an E. coli bacterium (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.2023) Medical Microbiology Figure 2-6. Comparison of the thick cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria with the comparatively thin cell wall of Gramnegative bacteria (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mmed.figgrp.294) Prokaryote Genetics multiple copies of circular DNA within the cytoplasm prokaryotic genome (http://collections.plos.org/prokaryotic-genome) Epigetics - DNA methylation and restriction enzymes act to protect the integrity of prokaryotic genomes. PLoS (http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005854) restriction enzymes target foreign DNA for cleavage DNA methylation protects the host genome from destruction Prokaryote Division Bacterial Replication - DNA replication and cell division in a prokaryote MCB - DNA replication and cell division in a prokaryote (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi? book=mcb&part=A3163&rendertype=figure&id=A3176) Bacteria Division Bacteria Division Page | Play Page | Play Prokaryote Mycoplasmas E. coli FtsZ smallest self-replicating organisms smallest genomes (approx 500 to 1000 genes) spherical to filamentous cells no cell walls surface parasites of the human respiratory and urogenital tracts Mycoplasma pneumoniae infect the upper and lower respiratory tract Mycoplasma genitalium a prevalent sexually transmitted infection Mycoplasma hominis associated with bacterial vaginosis and pelvic inflammatory disease Mycoplasma hyorhinis found in patients with AIDS Prokaryote "Cytoskeleton" Mycoplasma hominis infected Hela cells Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells The following links describe the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the way they divide and the way in which antibiotics have their action on prokaryotic cells. The Cell- A Molecular Approach Table 1.1. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.table.91) Antibiotic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.table.1198) Molecular Cell Biology Figure 12-6. DNA replication and cell division in a prokaryote (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi? db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.3176) Biochemistry Figure 28.15. Transcription and Translation (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi? db=Books&rid=stryer.figgrp.3980) two processes are closely coupled in prokaryotes, whereas they are spacially and temporally separate in eukaryotes. Plant Cell plant cells are larger than mammalian cells approx 30 x 20 micron Additional Organelles Central Vacuole tonoplast maintains cell's turgor storage (water, ions, and nutrients such as sucrose and amino acids, and waste products) Plastids organelles found in plants and algae chloroplasts for photosynthesis Amyloplasts for starch storage Chromoplasts for pigment synthesis and storage Leucoplasts - can differentiate into more specialized plastids (Amyloplasts - starch storage, Elaioplasts - storing fat, Proteinoplasts storing and modifying protein) (MH - plastids and mitochondria and have own DNA) Plant Cell cartoon Cell Wall Rigid structure outside cell membrane No ability to move Resist osmotic stresses Structure - cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin Specialized Adhesion Junctions plasmodesmata cell-cell communication pathways allow cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells are continuous Plasmodesmata (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi? db=Books&rid=cooper.figgrp.2069) Chloroplasts disk-shaped and about 5-8 µm in diameter and 2-4 µm thick. A typical plant cell has 20-40 of them. Animal and Plant Cell Plant Plastid types Virus Plant organelles Dengue virus Herpes virus Zika virus not a cell Latin, virus = toxin or poison not alive infects living cells unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell Infect different hosts (animal, plant and bacterial) Classified RNA or DNA viruses double or single stranded Virion contains the genetic material, DNA or RNA within a protective protein coat (capsid) Bacteriophage A virus that infects bacteria Molecular Cell Biology 6.3. Viruses: Structure, Function, and Uses (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi? db=Books&rid=mcb.section.1408) Figure 6-22. Retroviral life cycle (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.1437) NPR - Virus Infection (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ&feature=PlayList&p=49AA6FE8E2B8C71F&index=1) Prion not alive an infectious prion protein misfolded normal protein (three-dimensional structure) can form aggregates Types Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) and Kuru a human neural prion disease Bovine spongiform encephalopathyvery (BSE) in cattle, "mad cow disease" Scrapie in sheep Molecular Biology of the Cell Figure 6-89. Protein aggregates that cause human disease (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A972&rendertype=figure&id=A1115) | Prions Are Infectious Proteins (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.section.4612#4635) Gene Reviews Prions (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=prion#prion) Neuroscience Prion Disease (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=neurosci.box.1305) Biological Levels Whole cell Organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi) Components Biological polymers (chains of molecules, consisting of monomer subunits) DNA, RNA, Protein, sugars, cellulose Organic molecules (monomer subunits) nucleotides, amino acids, carbohydrate Eukaryotic Cell Organelles Fundamental concept - all cells Specialized exceptions Organelle specialized part of a cell that has its own particular function Membrane bound (enclosed) forms "compartments" within the cell Next Lecture Cell Compartments and Membranes Metabolic and biochemical “specialization” Localization of function Import and export Regulation of transport Detection of signals Cell-cell communication Cell Identity Cell membrane - plasma membrane, plasmalemma Organelle membranes - basic structure similar References Textbooks Molecular Biology of the Cell Some Important Discoveries in the History of Light Microscopy (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi? db=Books&rid=cell.table.576) The evolution of higher animals and plants (Figure 1-38) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi? db=Books&rid=cell.figgrp.83) From Procaryotes to Eucaryotes (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi? db=Books&rid=cell.section.25#60) From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi? VCJD brain db=Books&rid=cell.section.61#82) Some of the different types of cells present in the vertebrate body (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.box.79) Molecular Cell Biology The Dynamic Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.chapter.145) The Architecture of Cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=&rid=mcb.section.203) Microscopy and Cell Architecture (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.section.1084) The Cell- A Molecular Approach An Overview of Cells and Cell Research (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.chapter.89) Tools of Cell Biology (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.128) Search Online Textbooks "prokaryote" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi? db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=prokaryote+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D) | Molecular Cell Biology (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi? db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=prokaryote+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D) | The Cell- A molecular Approach (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi? db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=prokaryote+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D) "eukaryote" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi? db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=eukaryote+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D) | Molecular Cell Biology (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi? db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=eukaryote+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D) | The Cell- A molecular Approach (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi? db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=eukaryote+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D) "plant cell" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi? db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=plant+cell+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D) | Molecular Cell Biology (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi? db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=plant+cell+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D) | The Cell- A molecular Approach (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi? db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=plant+cell+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D) Books Cells (http://books.google.com/books?id=2VEGC8j9g9wC)Benjamin Lewin, Lynne Cassimeris, Vishwanath R. Lingappa, M.D., George Plopper Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007 Plant Cell Vacuoles (http://books.google.com/books?id=KIbyPQIHG50C) By Deepesh Narayan De, CSIRO (Australia) Reviews Articles Internal Links ANAT3231 Cell Biology Course Timetable 2009 Student External Links American Society Cell Biology (http://www.ascb.org/) American Society Cell Biology - Booklet Exploring the Cell (http://www.ascb.org/files/exploring.pdf) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Laureates (http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/) Berkeley History Robert Hooke (1635-1703) (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html) Antony van Leeuwenhoek (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html) Theodor Schwann (http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/biografien/schwann.htm) Museum of Microscopy (http://microscopy.fsu.edu/primer/museum/) 2017 Course Content Lectures: Cell Biology Introduction | Cells Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes | Cell Membranes and Compartments | Cell Nucleus | Cell Export - Exocytosis | Cell Import - Endocytosis | Cytoskeleton Introduction | Cytoskeleton Microfilaments | Cytoskeleton - Microtubules | Cytoskeleton - Intermediate Filaments | Cell Mitochondria | Cell Junctions | Extracellular Matrix 1 | Extracellular Matrix 2 | Cell Cycle | Cell Division | Cell Death 1 | Cell Death 2 | Signal 1 | Signal 2 | Stem Cells 1 | Stem Cells 2 | Development | 2017 Revision Moodle 2017 Laboratories: Introduction to Lab | 2017 Project Topics - TBD. Dr Mark Hill 2015, UNSW Cell Biology - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G Retrieved from "https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=76102" Categories: Eukaryote Prokaryote Science-Undergraduate 2017ANAT3231 This page was last modified on 8 March 2017, at 22:52.