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Cells Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
From CellBiology
Life - Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Bacteria - Escherichia coli
Movie - Neutrophil chasing Bacterium
Introduction
This current page is the science lecture Medicine Foundations 2016 Lecture Link
This lecture introduces the cell as the unit of life. Firstly, by the methods we use to see cells and biological structures and what we
consider to be "alive". Then by looking at major differences between cell types and their organisation as unicellular or multicellular
organisms. Finally, the presence or absence of a nucleus which is the definition of the major 2 classes of cells.
(Greek, Karyose = kernel, as in a kernel of grain)
Archive
2016 PDF
2014 (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=50796) | 2013
(http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=47684) | 2012
(http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=32141) | 2012 iLecture
(http://lectopia.telt.unsw.edu.au/lectopia/lectopia.lasso?ut=90&id=128663) | 2009 iLecture
(http://lectopia.elearning.unsw.edu.au/ilectures/ilectures.lasso?ut=90&id=38293) | 2009 Cell Types | 2008 Cell Types
(http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/science/lecture0802.htm)
Objectives
Introduction to biological molecules
Understand the dimensions cells
Understand differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Understand differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms
Brief understanding of viruses and prions
About Human Body
Human Cells
210+ cell types in body
total number of estimated cells in the body - 1013 (American Ten trillion/British Ten billion)
Flora
bacteria, fungi and archaea
found on all surfaces exposed to the environment
skin and eyes, in the mouth, nose, small intestine
most bacteria live in the large intestine
500 to 1000 species of bacteria live in the human gut
total number of estimated flora ten times as many bacteria 1014 (American One hundred trillion/British One hundred billion)
Cell Sizes
frog or fish egg are the largest individual cells easily visible, approx 1+ mm
diameter
human or sea urchin egg, approx 100 micron (µm) diameter
typical somatic cell, approx 20 micron diameter
plant cells are larger, approx 30 x 20 micron
bacteria are smaller, approx 2 x 1 micron
Divisions of Life
Time scale of evolution (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9841/figure/A93/?
report=objectonly)
Prokaryotic
Salamander egg (oocyte)
bacteria and archaea (single-celled microorganisms previously called archaebacteria)
no cell nucleus or any other organelles within their cells
organisms that can live in extreme habitats
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html
Archaea (Halobacteria)
Eukaryotic
animals
plants
fungi (yeast, unicellular)
protists (not animals, plants or fungi)
Textbook Links: The Origin and Evolution of Cells
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9841/) | MBoC -Divisions of Life
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=mboc4&part=A2&rendertype=figure&id=A41)
Unicellular and Multicellular
File:Leukocyte phagocytosis of yeast
Unicellular
All prokaryotes and some eukaryotes
Yeast + budding, non-budding
Protozoa + classified by means of locomotion: flagellates, amoeboids,
sporozoans, ciliates + often "feed" on bacteria
Amoeba feeding on a bacteria
(Legionella pneumophila)
Multicellular
Eukaryotes
Plants and Animals
Allowed development of specialized cells
functions and tissues
Prokaryote
Escherichia coli bacteria
Micrococcus luteus bacteria
Bacteria morphology
evolutionarily arose first (3.5 billion years ago) Evolution of Cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=cooper&part=A90&rendertype=figure&id=A103)
bacteria are smaller, approx 2 x 1 micron (1x10-6 m)
not all bacteria are dangerous or disease causing
(MH - the adult human in addition bacteria to the skin surface and lining of the respiratory/digestive tract, also has intestines contains
trillions of bacteria made up from hundreds of species and thousands of subspecies)
biochemically diverse
simple structure, classified by shape (rod-shaped, spherical or spiral-shaped)
some prokaryotic cells have also been shown to have a "cytoskeleton", which is different from eukaryotic cells.
Bacterial morphologies
Bacteria morphology
Prokaryote Membrane
Common to Eukaryote
lipid bilayer - containing protein and phospholipid (about 3:1)
lipid rafts - stabilised membrane regions containing flotillins
scaffolding proteins for processes - signalling, endo- and exocytosis, transport, protein translocation and cell division
Surface Specializations
Flagella - flagella of motile bacteria differ in structure from eukaryotic flagella. A basal body anchored in the plasma membrane
and cell wall gives rise to a cylindrical protein filament. The flagellum moves by whirling about its long axis. The number and
arrangement of flagella on the cell are diagnostically useful.
Pili - (Fimbriae) slender, hair-like, proteinaceous appendages on the surface of many (particularly Gram-negative) bacteria.
required for adhesion to host surfaces.
Capsules - lies outside the cell wall, thick outer capsule of high-molecular-weight, viscous polysaccharide gel; others have more
amorphous slime layers. Capsules confer resistance to phagocytosis.
Prokaryotic Motility
Some bacteria are highly motile and there are differing mechanisms of motility.
​Bacteria Motility
Page | Play
flagella motility
spiral bacteria
Prokaryotes Cell Wall
Bacterial Shape - Bacterial shapes and cell-surface structures
Bacterial Membranes - A small section of the double membrane
of an E. coli bacterium
Bacterial outer membranes - outer membrane contains
porins
Bacterial cell walls - Bacterial cell walls
(http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV108/clipart/cellwall.gif)
Gram-negative bacteria surrounded by a thin cell wall
beneath the outer membrane
Gram-positive bacteria lack outer membranes and have
thick cell walls
(MH - note that some unicellular eukaryotes can also have a cell wall)
Antibiotics (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
db=Books&rid=cooper.table.1198) - inhibit either bacterial
protein synthesis or bacterial cell wall synthesis Antibiotic
targets Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
Prokaryote cell cartoon
Molecular Biology of the Cell
Figure 25-4. Bacterial shapes and cell-surface structures (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4620)
Figure 11-17. A small section of the double membrane of an E. coli bacterium
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.2023)
Medical Microbiology
Figure 2-6. Comparison of the thick cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria with the comparatively thin cell wall of Gramnegative bacteria (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mmed.figgrp.294)
Prokaryote Genetics
multiple copies of circular DNA within the cytoplasm
prokaryotic genome (http://collections.plos.org/prokaryotic-genome)
Epigetics - DNA methylation and restriction enzymes act to protect the integrity of prokaryotic genomes. PLoS
(http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005854)
restriction enzymes target foreign DNA for cleavage
DNA methylation protects the host genome from destruction
Prokaryote Division
Bacterial Replication - DNA replication and cell division in a prokaryote MCB
- DNA replication and cell division in a prokaryote
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?
book=mcb&part=A3163&rendertype=figure&id=A3176)
​Bacteria Division ​Bacteria Division
Page | Play
Page | Play
Prokaryote Mycoplasmas
E. coli FtsZ
smallest self-replicating organisms
smallest genomes (approx 500 to 1000 genes)
spherical to filamentous cells
no cell walls
surface parasites of the human respiratory and urogenital tracts
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infect the upper and lower respiratory tract
Mycoplasma genitalium a prevalent sexually transmitted infection
Mycoplasma hominis associated with bacterial vaginosis and pelvic
inflammatory disease
Mycoplasma hyorhinis found in patients with AIDS
Prokaryote "Cytoskeleton"
Mycoplasma hominis infected Hela cells
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
The following links describe the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the way they divide and the way in which
antibiotics have their action on prokaryotic cells.
The Cell- A Molecular Approach
Table 1.1. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.table.91)
Antibiotic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.table.1198)
Molecular Cell Biology
Figure 12-6. DNA replication and cell division in a prokaryote (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.3176)
Biochemistry
Figure 28.15. Transcription and Translation (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
db=Books&rid=stryer.figgrp.3980) two processes are closely coupled in prokaryotes, whereas they are spacially and
temporally separate in eukaryotes.
Plant Cell
plant cells are larger than mammalian cells approx 30 x 20 micron
Additional Organelles
Central Vacuole
tonoplast maintains cell's turgor
storage (water, ions, and nutrients such as sucrose and amino acids, and
waste products)
Plastids
organelles found in plants and algae
chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Amyloplasts for starch storage
Chromoplasts for pigment synthesis and storage
Leucoplasts - can differentiate into more specialized plastids
(Amyloplasts - starch storage, Elaioplasts - storing fat, Proteinoplasts storing and modifying protein)
(MH - plastids and mitochondria and have own DNA)
Plant Cell cartoon
Cell Wall
Rigid structure outside cell membrane
No ability to move
Resist osmotic stresses
Structure - cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin
Specialized Adhesion Junctions
plasmodesmata
cell-cell communication pathways
allow cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells are
continuous Plasmodesmata
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
db=Books&rid=cooper.figgrp.2069)
Chloroplasts
disk-shaped and about 5-8 µm in diameter and 2-4 µm thick. A typical plant
cell has 20-40 of them.
Animal and Plant Cell
Plant Plastid types
Virus
Plant organelles
Dengue virus
Herpes virus
Zika virus
not a cell Latin, virus = toxin or poison
not alive
infects living cells
unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell
Infect different hosts (animal, plant and bacterial)
Classified
RNA or DNA viruses
double or single stranded
Virion
contains the genetic material, DNA or RNA
within a protective protein coat (capsid)
Bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria
Molecular Cell Biology
6.3. Viruses: Structure, Function, and Uses (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
db=Books&rid=mcb.section.1408)
Figure 6-22. Retroviral life cycle (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.1437)
NPR - Virus Infection (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ&feature=PlayList&p=49AA6FE8E2B8C71F&index=1)
Prion
not alive
an infectious prion protein
misfolded normal protein (three-dimensional structure)
can form aggregates
Types
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) and Kuru a human neural prion disease
Bovine spongiform encephalopathyvery (BSE) in cattle, "mad cow disease"
Scrapie in sheep
Molecular Biology of the Cell Figure 6-89. Protein aggregates that cause human disease
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A972&rendertype=figure&id=A1115) | Prions Are Infectious
Proteins (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.section.4612#4635)
Gene Reviews Prions (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=prion#prion)
Neuroscience Prion Disease (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=neurosci.box.1305)
Biological Levels
Whole cell
Organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi)
Components
Biological polymers (chains of molecules, consisting of monomer subunits)
DNA, RNA, Protein, sugars, cellulose
Organic molecules (monomer subunits)
nucleotides, amino acids, carbohydrate
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
Fundamental concept - all cells
Specialized exceptions
Organelle
specialized part of a cell that has its own particular function
Membrane bound (enclosed)
forms "compartments" within the cell
Next Lecture
Cell Compartments and Membranes
Metabolic and biochemical “specialization”
Localization of function
Import and export
Regulation of transport
Detection of signals
Cell-cell communication
Cell Identity
Cell membrane - plasma membrane, plasmalemma
Organelle membranes - basic structure similar
References
Textbooks
Molecular Biology of the Cell
Some Important Discoveries in the History of Light Microscopy
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
db=Books&rid=cell.table.576)
The evolution of higher animals and plants (Figure 1-38)
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
db=Books&rid=cell.figgrp.83)
From Procaryotes to Eucaryotes
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
db=Books&rid=cell.section.25#60)
From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?
VCJD brain
db=Books&rid=cell.section.61#82)
Some of the different types of cells present in the vertebrate body
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.box.79)
Molecular Cell Biology
The Dynamic Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.chapter.145)
The Architecture of Cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=&rid=mcb.section.203)
Microscopy and Cell Architecture (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.section.1084)
The Cell- A Molecular Approach
An Overview of Cells and Cell Research (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.chapter.89)
Tools of Cell Biology (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.128)
Search Online Textbooks
"prokaryote" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=prokaryote+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D) | Molecular Cell Biology
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=prokaryote+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D) | The Cell- A molecular Approach
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=prokaryote+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D)
"eukaryote" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=eukaryote+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D) | Molecular Cell Biology
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=eukaryote+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D) | The Cell- A molecular Approach
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=eukaryote+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D)
"plant cell" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=plant+cell+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D) | Molecular Cell Biology
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=plant+cell+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D) | The Cell- A molecular Approach
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=plant+cell+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D)
Books
Cells (http://books.google.com/books?id=2VEGC8j9g9wC)Benjamin Lewin, Lynne Cassimeris, Vishwanath R. Lingappa, M.D.,
George Plopper Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007
Plant Cell Vacuoles (http://books.google.com/books?id=KIbyPQIHG50C) By Deepesh Narayan De, CSIRO (Australia)
Reviews
Articles
Internal Links
ANAT3231 Cell Biology
Course Timetable
2009 Student
External Links
American Society Cell Biology (http://www.ascb.org/)
American Society Cell Biology - Booklet Exploring the Cell (http://www.ascb.org/files/exploring.pdf)
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Laureates (http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/)
Berkeley History
Robert Hooke (1635-1703) (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html)
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html)
Theodor Schwann (http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/biografien/schwann.htm)
Museum of Microscopy (http://microscopy.fsu.edu/primer/museum/)
2017 Course Content
Lectures: Cell Biology Introduction | Cells Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes | Cell Membranes and Compartments |
Cell Nucleus | Cell Export - Exocytosis | Cell Import - Endocytosis | Cytoskeleton Introduction | Cytoskeleton Microfilaments | Cytoskeleton - Microtubules | Cytoskeleton - Intermediate Filaments | Cell Mitochondria | Cell
Junctions | Extracellular Matrix 1 | Extracellular Matrix 2 | Cell Cycle | Cell Division | Cell Death 1 | Cell Death 2 |
Signal 1 | Signal 2 | Stem Cells 1 | Stem Cells 2 | Development | 2017 Revision
Moodle
2017 Laboratories: Introduction to Lab |
2017 Project Topics - TBD.
Dr Mark Hill 2015, UNSW Cell Biology - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
Retrieved from "https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=76102"
Categories: Eukaryote Prokaryote Science-Undergraduate 2017ANAT3231
This page was last modified on 8 March 2017, at 22:52.