Download Science DemiDrills

2013
2014
19
YE
AR
S
DO
I
NG
EDITION
SCIENCE
Genetics
OU
RB
EST
, SO
SCIENCE
DEMIDRILLS
EDITOR
ALPACA-IN-CHIEF
Josephine Richstad
Daniel Berdichevsky
®
the World
Scholar’s Cup®
YO
U
CA
N
DO
YO
UR
S
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 1
I. Cellular Reproduction
This DemiDrills section covers pages 6-29 in the official
curriculum guide. It discusses cellular structures and life cycles,
and pre-WW I scientific thought.1
1.01 FLOW CHART (6-7)
Wait, who are you people? Insert the names of the appropriate scientists into the flow chart, then marvel
at how we arrived at the theory of modern genetics.
1.
_____________________posited
that the male supplies a miniature
person and the female supplies the
womb,
2. which led
3.
_____________________posited
that organs grow from
“gemmules,” tiny seedlings that
come from parents,
7.
_________________negate
d previous theories with his
studies on heritable traits in
pea plants.
_____________________
to
make “homunculus” drawings of a
miniature man in a sperm.
____________________ to test
this “blending inheritance” theory
in tobacco plants, and
5. which also formed the basis from
which
8.
_____________________observe
d chromosomes dividing in cells,
which helped unify the theories of
#5 and #7 at right.
9. Polish scientist
_____________________
and Belgian scientist
_____________________derived
his theory of evolution.
Modern
Genetic
Theory
____________________
developed cell staining techniques
that helped #8 above.
1
4. which led
Ask your great-great-grandmother if you need a hint.
6. _____________________was a
British naturalist who presented his
findings with #5 above.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 2
1.02 FALSE (6-7)
Liar! Each of the statements below is false. Determine which part of the statement contains the falsehood
and correct it on the line provided.
Example
The Onion and The Daily Show are known for their reliable journalism.
satirical
1. Walther Flemming coined the term mitosis (meaning “division”)
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Aristotle provided a theory of reproduction in History of Species and Generation of Species.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. In addition to Aristotle, the ancient philosophers best known for contributing to reproductive theory
were Socrates, Euripides, and Hippocrates.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. The concept of pangenomics postulates that humans are formed from a collection of gemmules.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Mendel arrived at three principles by which we inherit “heritable traits,” (now known as
chromosomes).
______________________________________________________________________________
6. After serving as a soldier, Mendel became a minister and set up his experiments in Brno, in what was
then Austria-Hungary.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Mendel’s experiments, which took place between 1856 and 1864, involved cross-fertilization of
10,000 pea plants.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Darwin presented his findings in 1858 at the Royal Academy of Science, where they were met with
much reproach.
______________________________________________________________________________
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 3
1.03 EXCLUSIONS (7-9)
You’re cool but your friend has to leave. In the table below, each group of scientists has an outsider who
doesn’t belong. In the right-hand column, write which scientist should be excluded and why. 2
Example: Doctor Doom, Doctor
Evil, Doctor Octopus, Dr Horrible
Doctor Evil - all of these doctors are evil, but Doctor Evil
is from movies and the rest are from Marvel Comics.
Alfred Sturtevant, Thomas Hunt
Morgan, Carl Correns
Archibald Garrod, Sewall Wright,
R.A. Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane
Hugo de Vries, Erich von
Tschrmak, Estella Elinor Carothers
Walter Sutton, Nettie Stevens,
Theodor Boveri
Reginald Punnett, William Bateson,
Alfred Russel Wallace
2
Next, get inducted into the National Institute of Sciences and do it for real.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 4
1.04 GROUPING (7-9)
USA! USA! Group the following scientists by country of origin, by drawing a line from the scientist’s
name to his or her country, as in the example below.
Bonus! Circle all scientists that the USAD describes as embryologists.
Example Dr. Sanjay Gupta
William Bateson
Hugo de Vries
Erich von Tschermak
Edmund Wilson
Theodor Boveri
Archibald Gerrod
Nettie Stevens
Sewall Wright
Carl Correns
J.B.S. Haldane
Walter Sutton
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 5
1.05 TRUE OR FALSE (9)
Cell biologist bingo! Some of the statements below are true. Others are false. If it’s false, make it true
and explain why the statement was wrong.
T
F
Example: Mario was able to quickly find Princess Peach
not [because the Princess was in another castle]
T
F
1. There are about 1.8 trillion species identified on our planet.
T
F
2. Robert Hooke coined the term “cell” and was the first to see live cells under the microscope.
T
F
3. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) is considered the father of taxonomy.
T
F
4. Linnaeus’ kingdom grouping excludes Domain Eukarya and Domain Archaebacteria.
T
F
5. Linnaeus’ kingdom grouping includes Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral.
T
F
6. There are about 50 billion cells in the body, and 10-20 times that many microbes on/in the
body.
T
F
7. Robert Brown was a Scottish zoologist and was the first to describe the nucleus.
T
F
8. Robert Koch was the first to identify the bacterium anthrax, and to associate
microorganisms with infectious disease.
T
F
9. The cell theory states that cells are the basic building units of life, that all living things are
made of cells, and that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
T
F
10. The scientists credited with conceiving the cell theory are Matthias Schleiden, R.A. Fisher,
Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 6
1.06 LABEL IT! (9-10)
The Miller-Urey Experiment: Home Edition.3 The Miller-Urey experiment famously proved that early
Earth conditions could have fostered the genesis of organic molecules. Using the word bank below, label
the parts of the experiment, using each word or phrase only once.
WORD BANK
Methane
Electrodes
Hot Water
Water Vapor
nucleotides
amino acids
carbon dioxide
ammonia
Cold water
(represents Earth
atmosphere)
3
trap
(represents
conditions)
(Here’s the
proof!)
Some assembly required. Ask your parents for permission.
Earth
ocean
(represents Earth
lightning)
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 7
1.07 EITHER OR (10-11)
Paper or Plastic? Cake or Death? Jacob or Edward? Think you’re the World’s Biggest Fan of
Prokaryotes? Put your love to the test by circling the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
Example
As Buzz Lightyear says, “To Infinity and (BEYOND, THEN HOME FOR A NAP)!”
1. The predecessors to cells would have been a simple layer of (PHOSPHOLIPIDS, CHITIN) around
a packet of nucleic acids.
2. The etymology of the word “prokaryote” comes from pro, or “before” and karyo, or “(NUCLEUS,
CELL WALL).”
3. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes tend to be (BIGGER, SMALLER).
4. Prokaryotes’ primary mechanism of motility is via (CILIA, FLAGELLA).
5. The nucleoid is a cluster of (RIBONUCLEIC ACID, DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID).
6. In terms of taxonomy, prokaryotes tend to be divided within two (KINGDOMS, DOMAINS).
7. (ARCHAEBACTERIA, EUBACTERIA) tend to be found in hostile environments not usually
conducive to life.
8. Cyanobacteria are capable of photosynthesis due to the presence of (CHLOROPLASTS,
CHLOROPHYLL).
9. In addition to being single-celled, prokaryotes are also found in (CHAINS, CONCENTRIC
BALLS).
10. Some of the structures present in eukaryotes but absent in prokaryotes include (LYSOSOMES AND
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, CELL WALLS AND RIBOSOMES).
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 8
1.08 MATCHING (11-12)
B6. B6. Bingo! Match the letter of the word on the left with its description on the right. Use each letter
only once.
a. lipid
_____ 1. a structural or “worker” component in cells
b. organelle
_____ 2. non-differentiated cell that can form any cell type
c. genome
_____ 3. the fluid portion inside a cell, plus all organelles
d. protein
_____ 4. the fluid portion inside a cell, minus any organelles
e. zygote
_____ 5. a genetic information molecule
f.
_____ 6. hydrophobic nonpolar molecule
cytoplasm
g. carbohydrate
_____ 7. the entirety of the genetic information for a species
h. stem cell
_____ 8. energy-storing molecule inside cells
i.
nucleic acid
_____ 9. subcompartment in a cell with a specific designated function
j.
phospholipid
_____ 10. molecule consisting of a polar head and two nonpolar tails
k. cytosol
_____ 11. a fertilized egg, containing half its genetic information from a
father and half from a mother
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 9
1.09 LABEL IT! (12-13)
Pin the tail on the prokaryote! Still think you’re the World’s Biggest Fan of Prokaryotes?4 In the
diagram below, label each structure using a name from Word Bank 1 and a function from Word Bank 2.
Example
BELT - KEEPS PANTS FROM FALLING DOWN
WORD BANK 1: NAMES
flagella
plasmid
cell wall
ribosome
nucleoid
plasma membrane
pili
capsule
WORD BANK 2: FUNCTIONS
main genetic repository
small self-replicating
genetic piece
4
allows adherence to
surfaces
phospholipid barrier
supports cell
structure
allows attachment to
other cells
provides for cell
movement
makes proteins
I have every Prokaryote album! Lose the Nucleus, Shake That Flagellum, Archae-Brakey-Bacterium…
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 10
1.10 FILL IN THE BLANK (13-19)
Nothing Sells Like Organelles. Below is a word bank and a series of statements about cell structures
inside of eukaryotes. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word/phrase, using each only once.
WORD BANK
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
microtubules
endosymbiosis
vacuoles
phagocytosis
nucleolus
lysosomes
mitochondria
centrioles
ribosomes
intermediate filaments
microfilaments
endocytosis
rough endoplasmic reticulum
pinocytosis
autophagy
1. The process of the cell membrane engulfing and bringing in exterior materials is known as
____________________; more specifically “cell eating” is known as ______________________
and “cell drinking” is known as ______________________.
2. Visually, the ______________________ gains its appearance due to the protein-manufacturing
______________________ attached to its surface.
3. Ribosomal RNA is manufactured in the ______________________.
4. The ______________________ is the site of steroid synthesis as well as detoxification.
5. Plant cells lack ______________________, which are responsible for digestion and for breaking
down old cell parts in a process known as ______________________.
6. The _______________ theory holds that energy-generating organelles such as _______________
originated as a separate prokaryotic organism that entered into a eukaryotic organism. 5
7. __________________ exist on the periphery of the cell and contribute to cell movement and shape.
8. ______________________ are the largest of the three cytoskeletal elements.
9. Animal cells lack the large central ______________________ that contribute to plant cell shape,
whereas plant cells lack the ______________________ used in animal cell division.
10. The position of the nucleus is maintained by a “cage” of ______________________.
5
I smell sitcom!
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 11
1.11 ANALOGIES (13-19)
Sim Celly! Ok, this one’s a brain twister. Imagine a cell as a vast city. Below are some analogies that link
the structures and functions of a city to those in a cell. Fill in the blanks to complete the analogy.
Example: Bank : Money :: Nucleus : DNA
1. FedEx : Packages:: ____________________________ : Proteins
2. ___________________________ : Electricity :: Mitochondria : ATP
3. Train : Tracks :: Cellular Cargo : ______________________________
4. City : Toxic Dump :: _________________________________ : Vacuole
5. City : Toxic Dump :: Protist : _________________________________
6. City Pool : Water :: Cell : ____________________________
7. Bakery : ____________________________ :: Nucleolus : Ribosomal RNA
8. Hydroelectric dam : Water :: ____________________________________ : Sunlight
9. Scaffolding : Building :: ________________________________ : Organelles
10. Recycling center : Tin cans :: ____________________________ : Old cell parts in animals
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 12
1.12 EXCLUSIONS (13-19)
Duck, Duck… Squirrel? In the table below, each group has an outsider that doesn’t belong. In the righthand column, write which one should be excluded and why.
Example: Usher, Shakira, Adam
Levine, Taylor Swift
spindle fibers, ribosomes, centromeres,
sister chromatids
mitochondria, cilia, plasma membrane,
flagella
pinocytosis, amoeboid movement,
phagocytosis, translation
internal membrane-bound structures,
circular double-stranded DNA pieces,
outer selective barrier, fluid-filled space
anchoring devices, energy sources,
enzymes, transporters, recognition
molecules
6
At least not ‘til Season 32.
Taylor Swift - all of these people are singers, but Taylor Swift
isn’t a judge on The Voice.6
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 13
1.13 COMPARISON (12-19)
I’d expect that, coming from a eukaryote. Based on the descriptions below, determine whether each
item fits the description of a Prokaryote (“P”) or a Eukaryote (“E”). The first one is done for you.
P
E
Example:
A large cilia-powered cell packed full of internal membranes and organelles
P
E
1. A cell surrounded by a cell wall made of cellulose
P
E
2. A cell that replicates some of its DNA via plasmids
P
E
3. A cell that achieves division of genetic material via centrioles
P
E
4. A small cell with a peptidoglycan cell wall around it
P
E
5. A cell with a single circular DNA molecule
P
E
6. A single-celled protist
P
E
7. A cell that transports and packages proteins via the Golgi apparatus
P
E
8. A cell bounded by a polysaccharide capsule and pili
P
E
9. A cyanobacterium capable of photosynthesizing via chlorophyll pigments
P
E
10. A cell with a central vacuole that maintains the cell’s shape via Turgor pressure
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 14
1.14 MATCHING (13-19)
Do these shoes go with this dress? Match the letter of the word on the left with its description on the
right. Use each letter only once.7
a. chromatid
_____ 1. small projections extending out from the cell, such as in
fallopian tubes
b. spindle fiber
_____ 2. site of detoxification and steroid synthesis
c. centrosome
_____ 3. site of protein receipt from the rough ER
d. contractile vacuole
_____ 4. structure comprised of microtubules
e. microfilament
_____ 5. site of waste storage in protists
f.
Golgi apparatus
g. smooth ER
_____ 6. motility structure in the cell that extends out as one or two
tails
h. cilia
_____ 7. replicated form of a chromosome
i.
vesicle
_____ 8. small membranous sac that pinches off from the ER
j.
chloroplast
_____ 9. microtubule organizing center during cell division
k. flagella
_____ 10. double-membraned organelle with its own ribosomes
l.
_____ 11. maintains salt and water balance in the cell
phagosome
_____ 12. synonymous with “actin”
7
HEY! I see you over there trying to cram “c” into 6, 7, 9, and 10.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 15
1.15 TRUE OR FALSE (13-19)
Eh, true enough. Some of the statements below are true. Others are false. If it’s false, make it true and
explain why the statement was wrong.
T
F
Example: You should DEFINITELY get a faux-hawk.
not [because you spent so much effort growing out dreads]
T
F
1. The eukaryotes are comprised of four kingdoms: animals, protests, fungi, and plants.
T
F
2. Examples of non-membrane-bound structures in the eukaryotic cell include ribosomes,
cytoskeletal elements, and vesicles.
T
F
3. A chromosome is a tightly-coiled singular piece of linear DNA.
T
F
4. The rough ER manufactures both cytosolic and membrane-bound proteins.
T
F
5. The endomembrane system consists exclusively of the following four components: smooth
ER, rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and nuclear envelope.
T
F
6. Transcription refers to the synthesis of proteins from an RNA template.
T
F
7. The eukaryotic cell uses vesicles to transport protein products in and out of the cell, and
within the cell.
T
F
8. The plasma membrane consists of a bilayer of phospholipids, each of which has two
phosphate “heads” and a fatty acid “tail.”
T
F
9. The human body contains approximately 460 cell types.
T
F
10. The existence of ribosomes and mitochondria in the body are examples of endosymbiosis.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 16
1.16 False (19)
You lie like a rug. Each of the statements below is false. Determine which part of the statement contains
the falsehood and correct it on the line provided.
Example: Peter Griffin and his dog Brian are the stars of TV’s Rock Center with Brian Williams.
Family Guy
1. The cell cycle is divided into the two major phases of M phase and G phase.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Binary fission is a simple process because prokaryotes lack a nuclear envelope and have just a single
chromosome.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. With the right temperature and nutrient levels, prokaryotes are capable of dividing every 24 hours.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. In plants, asexual reproduction ends with the formation of new chloroplasts.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. In eukaryotic single-celled organisms, asexual reproduction can occur via mitosis, budding, fision, or
regeneration.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. In eukaryotes, each major stage of the cell cycle takes approximately half a day to complete.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. The origin of the term cytokinesis comes from the root cyto – “cell” and kine – “to split.”
______________________________________________________________________________
8. The cell spends approximately 90% of the time undergoing mitosis, during which time all organelles
and genetic material are doubled.
______________________________________________________________________________
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 17
1.17 FILL IN THE BLANK (20-22)
Don’t worry, it’s just an interphase. Below is a word bank and a series of statements about the cell cycle.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word/phrase. TRICK PLAY! All words in the word bank will be
used once, and one word will be used TWICE!
WORD BANK
G2 Phase
telophase
vesicles
cytokinesis
nuclear envelope
MTOC
kinetochore
S Phase
sister chromatids
cleavage
centromere
cell plate
metaphase
anaphase
G1 Phase
prophase
1. During __________________ all chromosomes are replicated into identical ________________.
2. ______________________ marks the period where sister chromatids are split in half, becoming
individual chromosomes.
3. Sister chromatids are bound by an adhesive protein complex called the ______________________,
which includes a distinct structure called the ______________________ which serves as an
attachment site.
4. The ______________________ coordinates the movement of the spindle fibers, and orchestrates
the movement of genetic material within the parent and daughter cells.
5. ______________________ marks the period where sister chromatids are aligned in the center of
the parent cell.
6. ____________________ involves the replication of the building blocks for all subcellular organelles,
such as the ER and Golgi apparatus. Afterward, ______________________ involves their assembly.
7. During late ______________________, the ______________________ disintegrates into
______________________, allowing spindle fibers to interact with the genetic material.
8. The nuclear envelope and nucleoli reform during ______________________.
9. In animal cells, the division of cytoplasmic materials, or ______________________, occurs when
microfilaments and microtubules constrict around the cell membrane in a process known as
______________________, splitting the parent into two daughter cells.
10. In plant cells, mitosis ends once ______________________ containing cell wall material line up
and fuse into a ______________________.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 18
1.18 CHARTING (20-22)
Check it! For each item below, read the description and choose which phase of mitosis is being
described. Place a checkmark under the appropriate phase, as in the example provided.
Prophase
X
Metaphase Anaphase
Telophase
Description
It happens directly after interphase.
Nucleoli are reassembled.
rRNA synthesis stops.
All chromosomes are now aligned.
Sister chromatids become individual chromosomes.
Spindle fibers and centrosomes disintegrate.
Kinetochore microtubules drag sister chromatids to
the middle.
The proteins that bind sister chromatids become
inactivated.
It happens directly before cytokinesis.
The kinetochore forms and spindle fibers attach to
it.
The nuclear envelope disintegrates.
Centrosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell.
The kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull
chromosomes apart.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 19
1.19 EITHER OR (22-24)
I just can’t decide! Think you’re the World’s Biggest Fan of Sexual Reproduction? Put your book-smarts
to the test by circling the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
Example
The most celebrated writer in the English language is definitely (WILLIAM
SHAKESPEARE, SUZANNE COLLINS).”
1. Female germ cells are known as (OOGONIA, SPERMATOGONIA).
2. Human germ cells possess (FORTY-SIX, TWENTY-THREE) chromosomes.
3. Evolutionarily, sexual reproduction serves the benefit of creating greater (GENETIC DIVERSITY,
NATURAL SELECTION).
4. The first eukaryotes to develop sexual reproduction were (FUNGI, PROTISTS).
5. Germ cells divide by mitosis prior to (SEX, PUBERTY).
6. Unicellular organisms tend to switch from (ASEXUAL TO SEXUAL, SEXUAL TO ASEXUAL)
reproduction during periods of environmental stress.
7. With the exception of gonadal germ cells, all (SOMATIC CELLS, GAMETES) are diploid.
8. Prior to meiosis, the original parent cell contains (FORTY-SIX, NINETY-TWO) sister chromatids.
9. The fusion of gametes into a zygote is known as (FERTILIZATION, OOGENESIS).
10. Sexual reproduction evolved in eukaryotes approximately (TWO BILLION, TWO TRILLION)
years ago.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 20
1.20 DEFINITIONS (24-25)
The terms below are like trying to divide by zero: undefined. So let’s fix that! In your own words and as
concisely as possible, define what happens during each phase of meiosis. 8
Example: cramming
the process of consuming as many DemiDec Resources as possible as quickly
as possible; in Singapore, known as mugging
1. Prophase I
2. Metaphase I
3. Anaphase I
4. Telophase I
5. Prophase II
6. Metaphase II
7. Anaphase II
8. Telophase II
8
Bonus points if your definitions match ours, but not too exactly.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 21
1.21 COMPARISON (22-24)
Catch a tiger by my toe, sis. Based on the descriptions below, determine whether each item fits the
description of an event occurring during Mitosis (“Mi”) or Meiosis (“Me”).
Mi
Me
Example:
Occurs during gametogenesis.
Mi
Me
1. Chromosomes align as tetrads on the metaphase plate
Mi
Me
2. Genetically identical sister chromatids separate during anaphase
Mi
Me
3. The nuclear envelope briefly reappears only to disintegrate for a second round of division
Mi
Me
4. Primary means of reproduction in prokaryotes
Mi
Me
5. This is the body’s primary process for increasing in size
Mi
Me
6. Occurs in 99.9% of eukaryotes (but not all of them)
Mi
Me
7. In humans, 46 pairs of sister chromatids yields an end product of two sets of 46
chromosomes
Mi
Me
8. Type of cell division that occurs in nearly all somatic cells
Mi
Me
9. In humans, 46 pairs of sister chromatids yields an end product of four sets of 23
chromosomes
Mi
Me
10. Results in genetically distinct daughter cells
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 22
1.22 BY THE NUMBERS (25-26)
4 score and... 70 years ago? The USAD’s throwing a lot of numbers at us. Let’s see if we can sort them
out! For each item below, fill in the missing number. Hint! The missing number gets larger every time.
Example
1
is the loneliest number that you’ll ever do.
1. During meiosis, germ cells undergo ________ rounds of cell division, yielding ________
haploid gametes.
2. Though our adult somatic cells contain our entire genome, less than ________ percent of those
genes are expressed in a given cell.
3. After fertilization, the zygote undergoes up to ________ divisions before the cells start to
differentiate.
4. During human fertilization, each gamete contributes ________ chromosomes, yielding a diploid
zygote containing ________ total chromosomes.
5. Meiosis allows for a significant reshuffling of our parental genes, with up to ________ crossing
over events during prophase I.
6. Stem cells are capable of becoming any one of the ________ adult cell types in our body.
7. The human genome is comprised of approximately ________ total genes.
8. The female ovary contains a reserve of ______________________ egg cells, and males produce
______________________ sperm cells daily.
9. The genes that make up our genome comprise about ______________________ nucleotides.
10. The adult human body contains approximately ______________________ cells.
11. In humans, the independent sorting of chromosomes during metaphase I yields up to
______________________ possible combinations of chromosomes.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 23
1.23 TRUE OR FALSE (26)
Proceed cross-examining the witness for truthiness. Some of the statements below are true. Others are
false. If it’s false, make it true and explain why the statement was wrong.
T
F
Example: Peanuts has been in the Sunday comics for just a few years.
many, many, many 9
T
F
1. Stem cells are defined as those cells that can divide indefinitely and that can be induced to
become one of any type of cell.
T
F
2. The human zygote is totipotent.
T
F
3. Stem cells in reproductive organs are said to be pluripotent.
T
F
4. Stem cells are capable of both mitosis as well as differentiation.
T
F
5. The distinctive characteristic of pluripotent cells is their ability to differentiate into cells that
make up any of our three germ layers.
T
F
6. The “ultimate source” of genetic variation is random mating.
T
F
7. The independent assortment of chromosomes allows for increased genetic variation during
prophase I of meiosis.
T
F
8. Crossing over refers to whole chromosomes swapping places between the father and
mother’s sides.
T
F
9. Mutation can include the deletion, addition, subtraction, inversion, or translocation of
nucleotides.
T
F
10. One potential application of stem cell science is in treating heart disease.
9
Seriously, when’s that Schultz guy gonna retire?
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 24
1.24 GROUPING (27)
This mitosis is tearing us apart! Group the following specific cell types according to whether they fit
under the category of dividing cells, non-dividing cells, or reproductively dormant cells. Draw a line
from the cell type to its group, as in the example below.
Example: Batman’s dividing cells
uterine endometrial cells
lens cells in the eye
embryo in a plant seed
Dividing Cells
nerve cells in the brain
liver cells prior to wound healing
Non-Dividing Cells
muscle cells in the heart
skin cells
intestinal epithelial cells
hair cells in the ear
Reproductively Dormant Cells
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 25
1.25 LABEL IT! (27)
Officer, how fast was I dividing? Fill out the diagram of the cell cycle and its various checkpoints using
the words and phrases in the word bank. TRICK PLAY! All words in the word bank will be used once,
and one phrase will be used TWICE!
WORD BANK
M Phase
nutrient levels
chromosomes
M Checkpoint
G0 Phase
DNA replication
G2 Phase
spindle attachment
S Phase
G2 Checkpoint
G1 Checkpoint
G1 Phase
growth factors
DNA damage
cell size
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 26
II. The Pattern of
Inheritance
This DemiDrills section covers pages 30-49 in the official
curriculum guide. It discusses classic Mendelian genetics,
probability10, and the passsage of traits to offspring.
2.01 TWO TRUTHS AND A LIE (30-31)
OK... OK... Hey, wait a minute! Each set of three statements below contains two truths and one lie.
Identify which statement is the lie, and cross it out. Then correct the lie.
Example: The Moon is:
10
made of cheese (made of rock)
a satellite of the Earth
238,900 miles away
1. Gregor Mendel:
failed the teacher certificate exam twice
studied at the University of Brno
grew up on a farm
2. Pea plants were ideal for
Mendel’s studies
because they:
are easy to pollinate
have easily identifiable traits
are always true-breeding
3. The theory of blending
inheritance:
explains Mendel’s observations in pea plants
did not strictly fit with all of Darwin’s data
holds that offspring receive a blend of the mother and father’s traits
4. The traits Mendel
monitored include:
plant height
flower size
seed color
5. Mendel’s scientific
training included:
cell theory
Darwinian evolution
botany
6. The limits Mendel
placed on his
experiment include:
crossing plants that differed by only one trait at a time
following just 7 traits out of a possible 34
terminating the experiment after 2 generations of plants
7. Mendel’s experiments:
included 50,000 pea plants
took place between 1854-1865
incorporated statistical analysis
60% of the time we’ll discuss it 100% of the time.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 27
2.02 DRAW A THING!11 (31)
It’s like Label It, only Draw-i-er! Mendel’s classic garden pea experiment monitored genetic inheritance
by following seven different traits. Name the seven traits in the blanks provided, as well as the two
possible varieties of each trait. Then draw the two possible varieties. 12
11
12
That’s right “A Thing.” We don’t have the rights to “Draw Something.”
Then draw a portrait of Mendel looking on approvingly.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 28
2.03 MATCHING (31-33)
Chicago… Bulls! Houston… Rockets! Brooklyn… Dodgers?? Match the letter of the word on the left
with its description on the right. Use each letter only once.
a. heterozygous
_____ 1. any eukaryotic chromosome that isn’t a sex chromosome
b. monohybrid cross
_____ 2. one of the multiple possible forms of a gene
c. dominant
_____ 3. description of a genetic makeup in which the organism has
two copies of the same trait for a given gene
d. recessive
_____ 4. the location of a gene on a chromosome
e. testcross
f.
allele
g. genotype
h. phenotype
i.
dihybrid cross
j.
locus
k. autosome
l.
homozygous
_____ 5. a method of determining genetic makeup, by mating an
individual displaying the dominant phenotype with an
individual displaying the recessive phenotype
_____ 6. description of a genetic makeup in which the organism has a
mix of two differing traits for a given gene
_____ 7. an allele that does not manifest in phenotype given a mixed
genotype, but does manifest given a homozygous genotype
_____ 8. the physical or biochemical manifestation of an organism’s
genotype as it interacts with the environment
_____ 9. an allele that determines phenotype even in a mixed the
genotype
_____ 10. a mating in which the parents differ across a single trait
_____ 11. an organism’s entire genetic makeup
_____ 12. a mating in which the parents differ across two different traits
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 29
2.04 FLOW CHART (31-33)
Go with the flow! Fill in the blanks in the flow chart to get a quick recap on chromosomes, genes, and
traits. Then marvel at all the things Mendel discovered, being described in terms that Mendel himself
didn’t know.
Chromosomes can be either…
Or
1._____________________
sex chromosomes
On corresponding chromosomes,
different versions of the same gene
(or trait) are known as
3.
_____________________
and these determine your genotype.
If you have two
dominant traits, your
genotype is
4.
_______________.
If you have one dominant
trait and one recessive
trait, your genotype is
5.
_______________.
The phenotype you’ll
display is the
7.
_______________
one.
Pairs of chromosomes with
corresponding sets of genes are called
2.
_____________________
chromosomes.
If you have two recessive
traits, your genotype is
6.
_______________.
The phenotype you’ll
display is the
8.
_______________
one.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 30
2.05 MATH BREAK (33)
Who put this math in my science? Demonstrate your understanding of the product and sum rules by
determining the probability of the following events. Express all your answers as a fraction and show your
work.
Example
With a six-sided die, what is the probability of rolling a 2 OR a 4?
1/6 + 1/6 = 2/6 (or 1/3)
1. With a two-sided coin, what is the probability of flipping heads THEN tails?
2. With a two-sided coin, what is the probability of flipping heads THREE TIMES IN A ROW?
3. With a six-sided die, what is the probability of rolling a 2 TWICE IN A ROW?
4. With a six-sided die, what is the probability of rolling evens THEN odds?
5. With a deck or cards, what is the probability of drawing a club OR a spade?
6. A jar has 2 blue marbles, 3 red marbles, and 5 green marbles. If a marble is drawn at random,
what is the probability that it will be blue OR green?
7. A jar has 3 blue marbles and 1 red one. If marbles are drawn at random, what is the probability
of drawing three times and only drawing blue marbles?
8. Two two-sided coins are flipped simultaneously, twice. What is the probability that all four flips
will be heads?
9. With a deck or cards, what is the probability of drawing a club THEN a spade?
10. With two six-sided dies rolled simultaneously, what is the probability of a combined roll of 7?
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 31
2.06 DRAW A THING! (33-35)
WhoPunnett?? Consider a monohybrid cross between two generations of animals, one with a dominant
smiley trait  and one with a recessive frowny trait . On the LEFT SIDE, draw out the phenotypes
for the F1 and F2 generations using what you know about Mendelian genetics. On the RIGHT SIDE,
draw out the phenotypes for the F1 and F2 generations as you would expect to see them from the (now
disproved) “blending inheritance” theory. Note: You do not need to draw out genotypes.
MENDELIAN GENETICS
P
BLENDING INHERITANCE
+
+
F1
F1
F2
F2
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 32
2.07 MATH BREAK (33-36)
Who put this science in my math13? Demonstrate your understanding of the binomial theorem and the
law of independent assortment by determining the outcomes of the following theoretical monohybrid
and dihybrid crosses. Be sure to show your work.
Example
People with the dominant H trait are hairy, and people with the recessive h trait are bald.
What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring in a cross between two parents
that are homozygous dominant for hairiness?
(H + H) x (H + H) = HH + HH + HH + HH. All will be hairy.14
1. People with the dominant X gene become X-men, but people who lack that gene (xx) do not. If
a homozygous dominant X-man breeds with a heterozygous X-man, what ratio of baby X-men
can we expect?
2. People with the dominant V trait have verve, and people with the recessive v trait are insipid. If
an insipid person breeds with a person who is heterozygous for verve, what is the expected
phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
3. Assume the genes for Sorrowful/steely eyes (S/s) and whiny/whispery voice (W/w) are
independently assorted. If the best emo rockers have sorrowful eyes and whiny voices, what ratio
of emo rocker offspring can we expect from two emo rocker parents with genotypes SSWw and
SsWw?
4. In the example above, what ratio of offspring will be like Professor Snape (steely and whispery)?
What ratio will be like Moaning Myrtle (sorrowful and whispery)?
5. Suppose two puppies are heterozygous for adorableness (A), which is a dominant trait. If these
puppies have a litter of 120 babies, approximately how many of them should be adorable?
6. Suppose the same above puppies are heterozygous for both the adorableness trait (A), and the
cuddliness trait (c), which is recessive. If these puppies have that same litter of 120 babies,
approximately how many of them should be adorable and cuddly?
7. Consider a bee population with a trait for either a big stinger (B) or a small stinger (b). Two bees
breed 101 offspring and 52 have a big stinger while 49 have a little stinger. What is the likeliest
genotype of the parents?
8. In the example above, suppose that all 101 offspring have big stingers. What are all possible
genotypes of the parents?
13
14
in my peanut butter in my chocolate.
Sorry kids.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 33
2.08 CHARTING (33-37)
Got it, don’t got it, MADE it. Each item below describes a scientific concept that can be assigned to one
of three categories: concepts that Mendel DIDN’T KNOW because they came after his time, concepts
that Mendel knew and USED in his work, or concepts that Mendel CREATED as a result of his work.
Place a checkmark under the appropriate phase, as in the example provided.
Didn’t Know
√
Used
Created
Description
Space travel
law of dominance
binomial theorem
consideration of sample size
law of segregation
gene-protein interactivity
product rule of probability
alleles are variable versions of genes
law of independent assortment
linked genes
meiosis
codominance
certain “factors,” or alleles, control trait inheritance
scientific method
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 34
2.09 TRUE OR FALSE (36-37)
Why you gotta lie? Some of the statements below are true. Others are false. If it’s false, make it true and
explain why the statement was wrong.
T
F
Example: Ban Ki Moon is my secretary.
Secretary General of the United Nations
T
F
1. Mendel’s publication was called Experiments on Peas.
T
F
2. In a dihybrid cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for both traits, 7/16 of the
offspring are expected to have at least one recessive trait.
T
F
3.
T
F
4. Mendel tracked a maximum of two traits at a time.
T
F
5. Administrative duties at Mendel’s monastery prevented him from making significant
scientific breakthroughs beyond his initial 1866 publication.
T
F
6. By the end of his life, Mendel recanted the significance of his scientific findings.
T
F
7. The explanation behind Mendel’s law of segregation is that egg and sperm cells become
haploid during meiosis.
T
F
8. The explanation behind Mendel’s law of dominance is that dominant genes form a
functional protein and recessive genes do not.
T
F
9. Like Mendel, Carl Correns conducted research on garden peas.
T
F
10. Hugo de Vries borrowed from Mendel’s research but did not acknowledge it in his own
publication.
For any of our genes, there are only two possible forms.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 35
2.10 GROUPING (37)
This Mendel guy exists, and he did that! The three scientists at right rekindled interest in Mendel’s
experiments. Group the descriptors on the left according to which scientists they fit. Draw a line to the
appropriate scientist(s), as in the example below.
Example: Died before Sanjay Gupta was born
had a grandfather who taught Mendel
published in 1900
German
Hugo de Vries
studied mutation in evolution
confirmed Mendel’s theories
Carl Erich Correns
Dutch
studied extra-chromosomal factors in phenotype
Austrian
confirmed 3:1 ratio of inheritance
Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 36
2.11 FILL IN THE BLANK (37-39)
My mailman thought he was homozygous for the FedEx gene, but it turns out he’s only a carrier. 15
Below is a word bank and a series of statements about genetics. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate
word/phrase.
WORD BANK
environmental stresses
nucleotides
genetic
phenotype
coding region
homozygous recessive
single-gene controlled
Human Genome Project
amino acids
survival
pedigree
inherited
gene
screening
heterozygous
carrier
1. A ______________________ is a diagram of trait inheritance over several generations.
2. Mendel’s work paved the way for our understanding that the ______________________ is the
fundamental unit of inheritance.
3. The seven traits Mendel studied affected the ______________________ of the organisms only, but
not their rate of ______________________.
4. The ______________________, completed in 2003, concluded that, “All diseases have a
______________________ component, whether ______________________ or [due to]
______________________ like viruses or toxins.”
5. Increased understanding of the genetic basis for disease in turn allows for genetic
______________________, allowing us to anticipate needed treatments.
6. For a disease dependent on a recessive gene, ______________________ individuals are
phenotypically normal but are said to be ______________________ because they have one copy of
the defective gene.
7. For a disease dependent on a recessive gene, two heterozygous parents have a ¼ chance of having a
______________________ child.
8. Our genes are an average of 3,000 ______________________ long, and such genes encode proteins
that are less than 1,000 ______________________ long.
9. As a percentage of the entire genome, the ______________________.
10. “Hitchhiker’s thumb” and “widow’s peak” are both examples of ______________________
recessive traits.
15
JOKE OF THE CENTURY!
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 37
2.12 TWO TRUTHS AND A LIE (38-39)
Yes. NO! Yes. Each set of three statements below contains two truths and one lie. Identify which
statement is the lie, and cross it out. Then correct the lie.
Example: Oreos are:
a savory treat (a sweet snack)
made by Nabisco
DELICIOUS
1. Archibald Edward
Garrod:
was the first to describe a sex-linked disease
discovered alkaptonuria in 1902
made his discovery after scientists rediscovered Mendel
2. Alkaptonuria is:
an autosomal recessive condition
also known as “black urine disease”
the result of a non-metabolized lipid complex
3. Alkaptonuria can
damage:
cartilage
the pancreas
heart valves
4. Cystic fibrosis:
affects primarily Caucasians
causes lung and digestive problems
is the most common deadly inherited disorder in the US
5. Sufferers of cystic
fibrosis:
develop fatty deposits on the digestive lining
have a nonfunctioning channel protein on cell surfaces
include one in 2,500 Caucasians
6. Sickle cell anemia:
affects one in 300 African Americans
is the most common genetic disease in the US
is the result of a nucleotide substitution mutation
7. Suffers of sickle cell
anemia:
do not have correctly-folding hemoglobin proteins
have misshapen white blood cells
can suffer organ failure
8. Tay-Sachs disease:
affects one in 3,500 Sephardic Jews
affects the lipid coating on neurons
can cause deafness or blindness
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 38
2.13 DRAW A THING! (40)
We Punnett Again!?? Consider a dihybrid cross between gerbils that are furry (F) or sleek (f), bucktoothed (B) or saw-toothed (b). If these traits are independently assorted, draw out two Punnett’s
squares: one for a dihybrid cross between parents that are FfBb x Ffbb and one for parents that are ffbb x
FfBb. Which cross will have a higher ratio of gerbils that are furry and saw-toothed?
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 39
2.14 FALSE (40-42)
I hate science? FALSE! Each of the statements below is false. Determine which part of the statement
contains the falsehood and correct it on the line provided.
Example: People who can’t eat peanuts suffer from a severe nut allergy.
legume allergy16
1. Familial hypercholesterolemia is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. The inheritance pattern for familial hypercholesterolemia demonstrates codominance at work.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. For hypercholesterolemia in the US, approximately 1 in 500 individuals carries a functioning allele.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. For the test case of J.D., doctors found that all family members had a cholesterol level of either 200
or 800 mg/dl.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Our body’s preferred method of acquiring cholesterol, an essential nutrient, is synthesizing it de novo
in cells.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. LDL, a protein-cholesterol complex manufactured in the bloodstream, enters cells by attaching to
LDL receptors on the cell surface.
______________________________________________________________________________
7.
Sex enzymes manufactured in gonadal cells use up cholesterol as a raw material.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. “Coated pits” refer to aggregations of LDL in arteries.
______________________________________________________________________________
9. For the test case of J.D., hypercholesterolemia resulted from the patient having multiple copies of the
LDL receptor gene.
______________________________________________________________________________
16
Peanuts aren’t real nuts! Look it up.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 40
2.15 PLAY DOCTOR (42-44)
I’m not a doctor, but I play one on this DemiDrill. Consider the descriptions of the five patients below.
Based on the descriptions, write the patient’s blood type in the blank provided. Then draw arrows
between patients illustrating who can donate blood to whom.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 41
2.16 EITHER, OR (44)
We’re gonna co-dominate you! Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
Example
The first US President was (GEORGE TAKEI, GEORGE WASHINGTON).
1. For ABO blood typing, the model of co-dominance can be seen in the (GLYCOPROTEIN, TRECEPTOR) inheritance patterns that occur in red blood cells.
2. Karl Landsteiner noticed red blood cell (AGGLUTINATION, APOPTOSIS) occurred during
some, but not all, blood transfusions.
3. The A and B (ANTIBODIES, ANTIGENS) are expressed on the surface of red blood cells.
4. Someone with blood type A would be expected to have (ANTI-A, ANTI-B) antibodies.
5. People with blood type (AB, O) have neither anti-B nor anti-A antibodies.
6. In the Barry/Chaplin paternity case of 1943, blood typing evidence showed that Chaplin (WAS,
WASN’T) the father.
7. Because of the way co-dominance works, ABO blood typing can result in (FOUR, EIGHT) distinct
phenotypes, excluding the additional effect of the Rh factor.
8. The inheritance pattern for Rh factor follows a (COMPLETE DOMINANCE, CODOMINANCE) model.
9. Mothers who are (RH-, RH+) can run the risk of pregnancy complications depending on the father’s
blood type.
10. The solution to the above complications is an injection of (ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIBODIES).
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 42
2.17 COMPARISON (44)
Do these genes look ok on me? Based on the descriptions below, determine whether each item fits the
description of Pleiotropy (“Pl”) or Polygenic Inheritance (“Po”).
Pl
Po
1. height falls under this model
Pl
Po
2. defined by one gene controlling multiple phenotypic effects
Pl
Po
3. affects a range of continuous variations, rather than a single discrete trait
Pl
Po
4. root cause for a phenomenon Mendel noted but didn’t investigate further
Pl
Po
5. skin color falls under this model
Pl
Po
6. defined by multiple genes controlling a single phenotypic effect
Pl
Po
7. its root words mean “many” and “affecting”
Pl
Po
8. cause for albinism
Pl
Po
9. BRCA genes exemplify this phenomenon
Pl
Po
10. explanation behind uniform coloration of plant seed coat, flower, and petiole
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 43
2.18 COMMONALITIES (44-46)
You guys both like music, you should totally date. Below is a series of connected items. For each group,
describe how they are related in the space provided. An example is done for you.
Example: right hand in, right hand out,
shake it all about, turn yourself around
color blindness and gender, sweet pea
flower color and grain shape, fruit fly
gender and eye color
William Bateson, Reginald Punnett, and
Edith Rebecca Saunders
Breeding flies in the dark, identifying
more than two dozen mutant genes,
subjecting flies to X-ray radiation, and
winning the Nobel Prize
9:3:3:1, 15.6:1.0:1.4:4.5,
782:1011:2459:0
Genes on chromosomes are linear,
recombinant percentages correlate with
gene distance, linkage mapping of
Drosophila
17
That’s what it’s all about.
All are instructions for doing the Hokey Pokey.17
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 44
2.19 PLAY DOCTOR (47)
You’re a fertility counselor! Study the pedigree for “DemiDisorder” below. Then, based on what you
know about genetic inheritance answer the three questions below the pedigree.
KEY
Normal male
Affected male
Normal female
Affected female
1. Is DemiDisorder an autosomal or sex-linked disorder?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Is DemiDisorder a dominant or recessive trait?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. If the individual marked with the arrow is planning on having a baby with someone who does not
have Demidisorder, what is the highest percent chance that their offspring will have DemiDisorder?
______________________________________________________________________________
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 45
2.20 FLOW CHART! (46-47)
Who’s ready to go with the flow? Insert the appropriate words into the flow chart, then marvel at the
intricacies of how the tiny little SRY gene determines our very gender. 18
The female genotype is
1.
____________________
The male genotype is
2.
____________________
Males get the “SRY” gene on the
3.
______________________
chromosome.
SRY is an abbreviation for
4.
______________________
All embryos start out with
gonads that will become
5.
_________________
plus both male and female
reproductive tracts.
Without
the
SRY gene, the
6.
__________
tract is killed off.
18
With the SRY gene, the
7.
_________________ tract
is killed off.
SRY turns on a set of genes
responsible for the
maturation of the
8.
________________
After the SRY gene causes a cascade of events that develop the fetus into a male, the Stork comes and drops the baby off in
a cabbage patch.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 46
2.21 FILL IN THE BLANK (47-48)
Hi, My Name is _________19 Below is a word bank and a series of statements about genetic inheritance
and genetic testing. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word/phrase.
WORD BANK
chorionic villus sampling
mitochondria
circulation
sperm
energy
fetal
invasive
pedigree
amniocentesis
oocyte
karyotyping
Y chromosome
circular
membrane
uterus
in utero
1. The best way to trace male lineage is using DNA from the ______________________ and the best
way to trace female lineage is using DNA from the ______________________.
2. During fertilization, mitochondria from the ______________________ do not make it into the
______________________, and therefore such DNA is not passed on from fathers to offspring.
3. Mitochondrial DNA is ______________________ like a prokaryote, and mutations to the DNA
can affect ______________________ production.
4. ______________________ analysis, which traces the passage of traits across generations, can help
genetic counselors determine the likelihood that a couple will pass on genetic diseases to children.
5. ______________________ is the general term for removing ______________________ cells from
a pregnant woman, for the purpose of chromosomal analysis.
6. One of the newest discoveries in genetic testing is the fact that fetal cells can be detected in the
mother’s ______________________, which would mean the possibility of performing
chromosomal analysis much less invasively.
7. Another innovation has been testing the embryo before it attaches to the
______________________, removing one of the eight embryonic cells for testing and allowing the
rest to form a normal embryo.
8. ______________________ is consider the most ______________________ form of chromosomal
analysis because it involves removing a piece of the fetal membrane.
9. ______________________ involves inserting a needle into the fluid part of the fetal
______________________ to obtain cells.
10. With the exception of testing by circulation, the other forms of chromosomal analysis are conducted
______________________, or “in the womb.”
19
Mike! – Mike
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 47
III. Molecular Genetics
This DemiDrills section covers pages 50-81 in the official
curriculum guide. It discusses the historic discovery of DNA,
and the nuts and bolts of transcription and translation.
3.01 FLOW CHART (50-54)
A graphical synthesis of the modern synthesis. Fill in the missing phrases on the flow chart below. Then
speculate on how many licks it takes to get to the tootsie roll center of… speciation through genetic
diversity.
Darwin’s idea of
1. ______________________
specifies that individuals within a
species have variations in their
heritable traits.
In each generation, there are
2. ______________________
than the environment can support.
Individuals with the most favorable
variations survive and reproduce and
are said to be
3. ______________________
Mendel’s laws of inheritance work only under
the following conditions:
The population is very
4.
__________________________
No major
5.
___________________________
occur in the population that would affect
genotypes
No 7. _________________________
occurs that affects the population’s
distribution
If a population
becomes
genetically
isolated,
6.
___________
speciation
can
If a population
becomes
geographically
isolated,
8.
__________
speciation
can
occur.
Natural selection is not occurring
Mating is 9 ________________________
The
10.
______________
Theorem provides a
mathematical model for trait
frequencies when the above
conditions aren’t met
Modern Synthesis
Individuals are variable for nearly all traits, due to 11._____________.
12.________________ of chromosomes also leads to genetic recombination.
Individuals pass their genes to offspring intact and independently of other genes.
The environment cannot support all offspring. Therefore the individuals that survive and reproduce most have the
best alleles for their environment.
Small genetic changes in individuals, or 13._____________ acted on by natural selection will lead to speciation, or
14.________________. Evolution can also occur due to genetic drift, non-random mating, or migration.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 48
3.02 MATCHING (50-54)
And now to thank all the little people who brought Darwin and Mendel together. Match the letter of
the scientist on the left with their contribution to molecular genetics on the right. Use each letter only
once.
a. Ernst Mayr
_____ 1. noted mutations in sequential generations of fruit flies
b. Udny Yule
_____ 2. offered a plant model of sympatric speciation, due to errors
in meiosis and polyploidy
c. R. A. Fisher
d. August Weismann
e. Thomas Morgan
f.
Theodosius Dobzhansky
g. Walther Flemming
h. Alfred Wallace
i.
Hardy-Weinberg
j.
G Ledyard Stebbins, Jr.20
k. William Castle
_____ 3. created a mathematical model for allele frequency within a
stable population
_____ 4. presented findings on Asian and Australian animals to the
Linnean Society of London
_____ 5. wrote Genetics and the Origin of Species, and defined
evolution as “a change in allele frequency within a gene pool”
_____ 6. noted that allele frequency is unchanging within nonevolving populations
_____ 7. wrote The Evolutionary Synthesis and proposed the “biological
species concept” which defines speciation by the ablility to
interbreed and produce viable offspring
_____ 8. used statistics to quantify a population’s genetic variations
over time
_____ 9. described behavior of chromosomes during different stages of
mitosis
_____ 10. studied crossing-over during meiosis and posited that somatic
cells do not pass on hereditary material in the same way as
germ cells
_____ 11. posited that the ratio of allele frequency can change if certain
genotypes are selected out of the gene pool
20
That would be an AMAZING business card.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 49
3.03 EXCLUSIONS (54-56)
Ketchup, Mustard, Mayonnaise, Cobalt.21 In the table below, each group has an outsider that doesn’t
belong. In the right-hand column, write which one should be excluded and why.
Example: iphone, ipad, granny
smith, Macintosh
uracil, adenine, cytosine, guanine,
thymine
cytosine, thymine, uracil, guanine
sulfur, nitrogenous base, sugar,
phosphate
injecting mice with S-strain
pneumonia, heating S-strain
pneumonia, combining S-strain and
R-strain pneumonia in mice,
transforming pneumonia strains in a
test tube
identifying deoxyribose as part of
nucleic acids, determining the
molecular components of nucleic
acids, identifying the pairing of A-T
and G-C, proposing a
tetranucleotide hypothesis
21
Exactly how I like my burger.
granny smith - all of these things are Apple products,
except for a granny smith, which is just an apple
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 50
3.04 FALSE (56-58)
Ummm… are you sure about that? Each of the statements below is false. Determine which part of the
statement contains the falsehood and correct it on the line provided.
Example
Watson and Crick conducted a historic 1804-1806 journey from St. Louis to the Pacific.
Lewis and Clark
1. Frederick Griffith noted that a non-virulent streptococcus strain could become virulent do to a
“transforming principle.”
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Oswald Avery of Rockefeller University noted that the virulent strain of pneumococcus lacks a
capsule.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Avery attempted to isolate what was causing the transforming principle, noting that transforming
activity increased as the concentration of S strain became more dilute.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Whatever was transforming the virus had characteristics that were all associated with protein.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Avery and his colleagues noted that the transforming substance could be destroyed by protein,
carbohydrate, and RNA-digesting enzymes.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Hershey and Chase were able to definitively disprove Avery’s theories.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Hershey and Chase used radioactively-tagged phosphorous and sulfur to illustrate that DNA was
being integrated into bacteria from a bacteriophage (a bacterium that infects viruses)
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Using chromatography, Edwin Chargaff illustrated that different species all have the same
proportions of nucleotides.
______________________________________________________________________________
9. “Chargaff’s Rule” suggests an A-G, T-C pairing of nucleotides within DNA.
______________________________________________________________________________
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 51
3.05 DEFINITIONS (58-60)
Let’s define this relationship! On the left is the name of a scientific technique that was crucial to
advancing our understanding of DNA. In your own words and as concisely as possible, define the
technique, then name the famous scientist(s) who used it, and how it was used towards arriving at the
nature of DNA.
Example: The Total Gym
1. Centrifugation
2. Chromatography
3. X-ray
Crystallography
4. Molecular model
building
A piece of gym equipment capable of being used for a variety of exercises.
Chuck Norris used The Total Gym to get TOTALLY RIPPED.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 52
3.06 BY THE NUMBERS22 (60-62)
I got ___ problems. The USAD’s throwing a lot of numbers at us. Let’s see if we can sort them out! For
each item below, fill in the missing number. Hint! For each blank, the missing number is either the same
as or greater than the previous one. BONUS! After all the numbers stuff we’re going to throw in some
stuff about codons. Fill in the missing letters for the codons.
Example
Subway’s doing a special on $ 5
footlongs.
1. Under the semiconservative model of DNA replication, ________ strand(s) of DNA is(are) newly
generated and ________ strand(s) is(are) preserved.
2. Each RNA codon is made up of ________ nucleotide “letters.”
3. Meselson and Stahl used radioactive isotopes of nitrogen to trace DNA replication patterns. Normal
nitrogen has ________ neutrons. Meselson and Stahl used radioactive variants of nitrogen with
________ or ________ neutrons.
4. Meselson and Stahl checked the DNA replication patterns every ________ minutes, due to the rapid
rate of prokaryotic replication.
5. Proteins are made up of ________ possible amino acids.
6. There are ________ possible codons for encoding all the above amino acids.
7. ________ percent of our genome is non-coding.
8. BONUS! The “start” codon consists of the letters ________. This codon also codes for the amino
acid methionine.
9. The codon ________ is distinct for being the only codon to program for the amino acid tryptophan.
10. The three “stop” codons are ________, ________, and ________.
22
And by the letters!
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 53
3.07 ANALOGIES (62-63)
So it’s like that, huh? Below are some analogies that link the methods and components of DNA
replication to everyday life. Fill in the blanks to complete the analogy.
Example: bricks : wall :: nucleotides : DNA
1. bottle opener : bottle :: ____________________________ : DNA
2. ___________________________ : DNA replication :: insertion point : surgery
3. primer : DNA :: ______________________________ : sourdough bread
4. Spell Check : MS Word :: _________________________________ : DNA
5. track layer : railway tracks :: _________________________________ : RNA primer
6. crane : skyscraper :: ____________________________ : daughter strand
7. glue gun : rhinestones :: DNA ligase: ____________________________
8. tortoise : hare :: ____________________________________ : leading strand
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 54
3.08 TRUE OR FALSE (63-65)
Mutant school. Some of the statements below are true. Others are false. If it’s false, make it true and
explain why the statement was wrong.23
T
F
Example: Coffee is a beverage that comes from tortillas.
beans [roasted, not refried]
T
F
1. Some mutations can be lethal, some can confer an advantage, but most have no effect.
T
F
2. Mutation is the primary force behind macroevolution.
T
F
3. Silent mutations occur primarily when a nucleotide is substituted in the third letter of a
codon.
T
F
4. Sickle cell anemia results from a missense mutation in the hemoglobin gene.
T
F
5. Sickle cell anemia is a dominant trait, resulting from one parent having the mutation.
T
F
6. Nonsense mutations result from a substitution that results in a stop codon.
T
F
7. Missense mutations result in the same amino acid being coded for regardless of the
mutation.
T
F
8. Frameshifts primarily occur due to point mutations.
T
F
9. In a frameshift mutation, all codons after the mutation point are affected.
T
F
10. Some of the environmental factors that affect mutation include steroids, radiation, and
cigarette smoke.
23
Preferably in a sarcastic voice.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 55
3.09 LABEL IT! (61-67)
That’s nonsense! 1) Look at the DNA sequence below. Using base pairing rules, fill in the blanks to
transcribe the sequence into a piece of mRNA. 2) Use the codon table below to translate the mRNA
sequence into a protein, by filling in the blanks. 3) Using base pairing rules, write out the tRNA
anticodon sequence that would be required to bring these amino acids together.
DNA sequence:
TAC GAA TGA TTA TCA CCA ACC ATT
mRNA sequence:
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
protein sequence: _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
tRNA anticodons:
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 56
3.10 CHARTING (65-66)
RNA? A OK! Based on the descriptions below, determine whether each item fits the description of
mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA.24 Place a checkmark next to the appropriate column. The first one is done for
you.
mRNA
X
tRNA
rRNA
Description
It stands for “messenger RNA.”
Roger Kornberg discovered how DNA is transcribed into this form of
RNA
Most likely to be found in double-stranded form
Carries information in an anticodon sequence
Known to forms a complex with dozens of proteins
Carries information in a codon sequence
Pairs with and carries specific amino acids
Helps to hold the other RNA forms in the correct position
It is transcribed directly from a DNA gene template
Made not just in the nucleus but in the nucleolus
Most directly involved with assembling and synthesizing the protein
24
Or cRNA. Just kidding. There’s no such thing as cRNA. Or is there?
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 57
3.11 FILL IN THE BLANK (67-68)
Allow me to translate.25 Below is a word bank and a series of statements about transcription and
translation. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word/phrase.
WORD BANK
mRNA
translation
initiation
P site
cap
Small ribosomal subunit
intron
elongation
A site
exon
transcription
large ribosomal subunit
termination
tRNA
poly A tail
disulfide bridge
1. For the process of creating RNA from a DNA template, as well for creating protein from an RNA
template, the three major steps are ________________, ________________, and ________________.
2. _________________ involves taking a DNA template and making a piece of _________________.
3. As messenger RNA moves to the cytoplasm, extra nucleotides (or a “_____________________”) are
added to the end in order to prevent degradation, as well as a ______________________ consisting of
multiple adenine nucleotides.
4. Different ______________________ portions can be stitched together in novel combinations, in order
to create different messenger RNA templates that encodes for differing proteins.
5. Though ______________________ portions are excised from the messenger RNA template, scientists
are increasingly finding that these “junk” portions may in fact serve a purpose.
6. The process of ______________________ involves using the RNA template to construct a protein,
and is primarily carried out by ______________________.
7. Protein construction begins when a ______________________ binds with a
______________________, giving the RNA and amino acids a place to interface.
8. The first amino acid connects to a ______________________ (or “docking” site) on the ribosome.
9. Subsequent amino acids attach to the ______________________ on the ribosome and await their turn
to enter the “docking” site.
10. Proteins can be further modified in the endomembrane system, such as by being fitted with a
______________________.
25
But first, can you transcribe?
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 58
3.12 DEFINITIONS (67-68)
You had one job! On the left is a type of protein. On the right, define that protein’s cellular
function/job. The first one is done for you
Example: lactase
antibody
actin and myosin
nuclear matrix proteins
insulin
reverse transcriptase,
ligase, or helicase
aquaporin, calcium
channels
receptor for a
neurotransmitter
Enzyme (speeds chemical reactions)
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 59
3.13 FALSE (69-70)
And now for all you molecular weirdos. Below are a series of statements about RNA-related molecules.
Each of them contains a portion that is false. Determine which part of the statement contains the
falsehood and correct it on the line provided.
Example
If you’re looking for mountain-climbing gear, a good bet would be R.N.A..
R.E.I.
1. After introns are excised from the mRNA, they are generally discarded by the cell.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Sidney Altman and Thomas Cech discovered that RNA is capable of excretory activity.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Ribozyme is capable of self-ligating activity following transcription and protein synthesis.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Cech and Altman’s research led to the “Protein World” hypothesis.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Micro RNAs are generally a few hundred nucleotides in size.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Short interfering RNAs are the product of enzymatic digestion of DNA.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Short interfering RNAs can add ester groups to DNA in order to stop or start genetic expression.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. GTP is used as a source of amino acids during protein synthesis.
______________________________________________________________________________
9. GTP and cyclic AMP serve as catalytic molecules in the signal transduction pathway.
______________________________________________________________________________
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 60
3.14 PLAY DOCTOR26 (71-72)
This is a restricted area! First answer the historical questions on the lines provided. Then solve a
BRAIN-NUMBING logic puzzle about restriction enzymes!
1. Who was the first scientist to isolate enzymes (generally) that cut DNA at specific sequences?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What was the name of the enzyme that Hamilton Smith discovered?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What was the name of Hamilton Smith’s collaborator at Johns Hopkins?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Suppose you are a scientist seeking to isolate the nucleotide sequence “AATTCGGATCCTCGAT.”
You have a larger piece of DNA (labeled “Original DNA Sequence” below) that contains the desired
nucleotide sequence, as well as various restriction enzymes available to you (see the “Restriction
Enzyme Table” below). Based on what you know about restriction enzymes, what enzyme(s) will you
need to use to isolate the desired sequence?
______________________________________________________________________________
Original DNA Sequence
AAGAAGCTTGGTACCGAATTCGGATCCTCGATATCTTCAAGCTTGGTACC
Restriction Enzyme Table
Restriction Enzyme
Cut Sequence
HindIII
A / AGCTT
EcoR1
G / AATTC
BamH1
G / GATCC
EcoRV
GAT / ATC
Kpnl
GGTAC / C
26
As in PhD doctor, not MD doctor.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 61
3.15 ORDER IT! (73)
Who ordered the PCR?27 Below are all the steps of the polymerase chain reaction. But they are out of
order. Reorder the steps into chronological order.
A. Bring the mixture to 95 degrees Celsius.
B. Bring the mixture to 50-60 degrees Celsius.
C. The primers anneal to the complementary sequences of DNA.
D. Synthesize primers that are complementary to the DNA being replicated.
E. Add Taq polymerase.
F. Taq polymerase adds nucleotides to the primers, duplicating the DNA.
G. Mix the target DNA sequence, primers, and extra nucleotides.
H. Repeat the entire procedure until target DNA has been replicated in sufficient quantities.
I. Bring the mixture to 72-80 degrees Celsius.
J. The hydrogen bonds of the DNA break, separating the DNA into single strands.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
27
Kary Mullis did.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 62
3.16 TRUE OR FALSE (73-75)
Less moaning, more cloning. Some of the statements below are true. Others are false. If it’s false, make
it true and explain why the statement was wrong.
T
F
Example: When you’re buying a computer, the two basic choices are Mac or ChromeOS.
Windows
T
F
1. Insulin resistance can occur when a patient’s immune systems eventually resists injections of
animal versions of insulin.
T
F
2. The most common animal versions of insulin used in patients are pig, sheep, or cow.
T
F
3. Animal versions of insulin are genetically identical to the human version.
T
F
4. Insulin is a gall bladder hormone that modulates sugar intake in cells.
T
F
5. Type I diabetes patients do not respond to insulin, whereas Type II patients do not
manufacture it.
T
F
6. The insulin gene can be inserted into plasmids, self-replicating DNA loops incorporated
into bacteria.
T
F
7. Insulin was the first human therapeutic protein produced using recombinant DNA
technology.
T
F
8. This technology can also be applied to produce erythropoietin for growth treatment.
T
F
9. Interferon is another product that can be made with this technology, for patients
undergoing chemotherapy.
T
F
10. Plasmid technology allows for mass-production of protein by taking advantage of the fact
that bacteria divide every 30 minutes.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 63
3.17 TWO TRUTHS AND A LIE (73-75)
Analysis: 66% True. Each set of three statements below contains two truths and one lie. Identify which
statement is the lie, and cross it out. Then correct the lie.
Example: Harry Potter is:
best friends with Ron Weasley
the son of two Muggles (the son of two wizards)
the Chosen One
1.
stands for “restriction fragment length polymorphism”
has been used to exonerate wrongly-accused suspects
cannot be applied to paternity suits
RFLP:
2. The ingredients in gel
electrophoresis
include:
agarose
a chamber filled with water
an electrical current
3. SNP:
refers to “single nucleotide polymorphism”
largely results from frameshift mutations
can be used to genetically identify individuals
4. In gel electrophoresis,
DNA:
acts as a base
migrates to the positive side
fragments spread into a ladder pattern
5. For forensic cases:
DNA analysis requires the use of restriction enzymes
analysis can take place within a few hours of obtaining the sample
DNA samples must be amplified in plasmids
larger samples travel faster than smaller ones
6. During electrophoresis: the gel acts as a molecular sieve
different individuals’ DNA will display different patterns
7. According to the
results of the HGP,
humans’ genomes:
differ by about 3.1 million base pairs
are only 1% different
are scattered throughout the chromosomes
8. The most common
sources of DNA
evidence are:
bone marrow
hair
saliva
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 64
3.18 EITHER, OR (76-77)
Attack of the Fruit Mutants!28 Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
Example
Australia is home to the (EMU, MUMU), a large flightless bird.
1. In addition to breeding peas for scientific purposes, Mendel was also hoping the peas would serve a
(COMMERCIAL, MEDICINAL) purpose.
2. Darwin’s use of the term “natural selection” arose from his knowledge of artificial selection in
(PIGEON, HAWK) breeding.29
3. Artificial selection has been taking place since animals and plants were domesticated (10,000,
20,000) years ago.
4. An ancient example of artificial selection is (USING FERTILIZER, GRAFTING).
5.
The difference between genetic engineering and genetic modification is that modification takes place
in the (NUCLEUS, GERMLINE).
6. Genetic modification can occur using a (RETROVIRUS, PROTOVIRUS).
7. In the above example, a virus is used as a (PLASMID, VECTOR) or “carrier” of a gene that becomes
expressed in the organism.
8. Another option is microinjecting the gene into the (PRONUCLEUS, PROTONUCLEUS) of the
sperm.
9. Finally, (STEM, OOCYTE) cells can be transferred into an embryo.
10. GMOs have been used to (INCREASE, REDUCE) reliance on pesticides.
28
29
GMOs that is.
FLY, Bird of Science!
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 65
3.19 FLOW CHART (77-78)
Epigenetics and YOU. Fill in the missing phrases on the flow chart below, using the included word
bank.30 Then think really hard about whether you should go through with your plan of irradiating
yourself to become an X-Man.
WORD BANK
promoter
phosphate-sugar
autoimmune disease
diet
transcription factors
chemicals
chromosomes
diabetes
mental disorders
methyl
development
pharmaceuticals
histones
cancer
aging
epigenetic factors
EPIGENETIC TRIGGERS
Specific environmental factors
that affect genetic expression
include:
1.__________________
2.__________________
MECHANISM 1
If a
6.________________________
group attaches to the DNA’s
backbone, it can prevent
3.__________________
4.__________________
10._______________________
in general can affect how loosely or tightly
11._______________________
bind the
7.________________________from
attaching to the DNA’s
Ailments that can result include:
8._______________________, affecting
genetic expression.
13.__________________
14.__________________
15.__________________
16.__________________
CONSEQUENCES
30
You’re WELCOME!
MECHANISM 2
12._______________________
together, affecting genetic expression.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 66
3.20 MATCHING (78-79)
Quit reading my genes. Match the letter of the scientists on the left with their contribution to the
Human Genome Project on the right. BONUS CRAZINESS #1! Most letters will be used only once,
but three letters will be used TWICE. BONUS CRAZINESS #2! Note that one answer requires
THREE letters.
a. Herbert Boyer
_____ 1. sequenced the cystic fibrosis gene
b. Alfred Sturtevant
_____ 2. supported the Human Genome Project via a public-private
venture
c. J. Craig Venter
d. Frederick Sanger
e. Thomas Morgan
f.
Stanley Norman Cohen
g. James Watson
h. Francis Collins
i.
Paul Berg
_____ 3. second director of the National Center for Human Genome
Research
_____ 4. first director of the National Center for Human Genome
Research
_____ 5. created the first genetic linkage map
_____ 6. owner of the lab in which #5 worked
_____
7. Stanford scientists credited with identifying, cloning, and
sequencing several disease genes
_____
8. developed techniques for sequencing DNA
_____
9. founder of Celera Genomics
_____
10. won TWO Nobel prizes
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 67
3.21 BY THE NUMBERS (78-79)
I’m your Number ___ Fan! The USAD’s throwing a lot of numbers at us. Let’s see if we can sort them
out! For each item below, fill in the missing number. Hint! For each blank, the missing number is either
the same as or greater than the previous one.
Example
In a house in the woods, Goldilocks encountered
3
bears.
1. Less than ________ percent of our genome is made up of coding regions.
2. ________ percent of the budget for the Human Genome Project was set aside for studying the
ethical, legal, and social implications of the project.
3. ________ percent of our genome is made up of non-coding sequences that keep repeating, and
scientists are still trying to figure out what these repeating sequences do.
4. ________ percent of the Human Genome project was completed and presented in June of 2000.
5. As humans, we all share ________ percent of the same genome.
6. The Y chromosome has ________ genes on it.
7. The Human Genome Project began in the year ________ and was completed in ________.
8. Chromosome #1 has ________ genes on it.
9. The average gene size is about ________ base pairs.
10. Humans have about ________ genes in total.
11. Humans have single-nucleotide differences in their genome at about ________ locations.
12. The original budget of the Human Genome Project was ________ dollars, with a targeted
completion time of 15 years.31
31
But they completed it early. They were that frickin’ smart!
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 68
IV. Comprehensive
This DemiDrills section pulls from all over the curriculum
guide,32 synthesizing what we have learned.
4.01 TIMELINE (89-92)
So… that happened. Fill in the timeline below. Each year (or span of years) corresponds to an event in
the event bank. Match the events to the years. Note: Timeline is not to scale… like not even close.
EVENT BANK
Mendel publishes Experiments on
Plant Hybridization
Theodosius Dobzhansky merges
genetics and evolutionary bio
Thomas Hunt Morgan proposes
chromosomal theory of inheritance
Kary Mullis creates PCR
Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow
develop the cell theory
Watson and Crick determine
structure of DNA
the Miller-Urey experiment
Birth of the Hardy-Weinberg
Theorem
Human Genome Project completed
Robert Hooke describes cells
Alfred Sturtevant creates first
linkage map
Rosalind Franklin X-ray diffraction
of DNA
Ernst Mayr arrives at biological
species concept
Birth of the Chargaff rule
Darwin publishes On the Origin of
Species
1859
1913
2003
1953
1908
1665
1951
1937
1600
2013
1950
1953
1865-66
1910-11
1839
32
Skim fast!
1942
1985
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 69
4.02 LABEL IT! (13-19)
You’ve played the prokaryote version, now play the sequel! Below is a diagram of a human cell. Use the
word bank to fill in the blanks. BONUS! Three words in the bank will NOT be used.33
WORD BANK
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondrian
lysosome
Free ribosome
Golgi body
cytoplasm
cell coat
centriole
rough endoplasmic reticulum
ribosome
chromatin
nucleus
nuclear pore
plasma membrane
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
33
It’s a trap!!
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 70
4.03 CHARTING
I replicate myself. I replicate myself. For each item below, choose whether the description fits mitosis,
meiosis, transcription or translation. Place a check box under the appropriate column.
Mitosis
Meiosis
Transcription Translation
Description
Results in the creation of four daughter cells
Results in the creation of RNA
Results in the creation of two identical daughter cells
Results in the creation of a protein
Requires two cycles to complete
Consists of four phases
Includes crossing-over
Involves pairing of codons and anticodons
U is substituted for T
occurs inside the nucleus
occurs in the cytoplasm or on the rough ER
process for perfectly duplicating DNA
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 71
4.04 FILL IN THE BLANK
Diversity Awareness. A lot of things can influence genetic diversity. Fill in the blanks below, using the
words from the word bank. Then marvel at the diversity of life.34
WORD BANK
codominance
DNA methylation
nonsense mutations
total dominance
point mutations
frameshift mutations
histone modification
pleiotropy
independent assortment
sexual reproduction
missense mutations
epigenetics
incomplete dominance
polygenic inheritance
crossing over
meiosis
1. Much of our genetic diversity simply arises from the fact that during ______________________
we receive a combination of genes from both parents.
2. During ______________________, sister chromatids undergo ______________________ before
becoming haploid, and this swapping of genetic material ensures that our gametes will have novel
combinations of our parents’ genes.
3. The law of ______________________ assures that all our traits get inherited in offspring separately
from each other (although linked genes defy the law).
4. Most traits fall under a pattern of ______________________ in which heterozygous individuals
only display the phenotype associated with one trait (and not both).
5. However, in instances of ______________________ heterozygous individuals display an
intermediate phenotype (compared to homozygous individuals), and in instances of
______________________ multiple traits show at once.
6. Furthermore in instances of ______________________ a single gene influences multiple traits.
______________________ is the opposite; multiple genes influence a single trait.
7. At the molecular level, ______________________ changes the genome at the level of a single
nucleotide. Most of these are considered ______________________ because the resulting amino
acid that is encoded is unaffected.
8. Sometimes, ______________________ result when a nucleotide substitution results in a “stop”
codon, ending transcription prematurely. Or ______________________ occur when an addition or
deletion causes all downstream codons to be affected.
9. The study of ______________________ tracks how the environment can affect genetic expression,
such as in the case of ______________________ preventing transcription factors from binding a
gene, or ______________________ affecting proteins’ access to chromosomes.
34
Seriously, you have to marvel. If you just complete the DemiDrill without marveling, I’ll KNOW.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 72
4.05 PLAY DOCTOR
Quick triage! The first set of questions below is about blood donation. The second set is about genetic
pedigrees. Answer the questions!
Suppose a lady is at the hospital and needs a blood transfusion. Her parents both volunteer to provide
the transfusion. The lady’s blood type is O. Given this…
1. What are all her parents’ possible blood type combinations? (List novel combinations only.)
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Will at least one parent necessarily be a match for donating blood?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Assuming that the lady is RH negative, what blood type(s) must the parents have in order to donate
blood to their child?
______________________________________________________________________________
KEY
Normal male
Affected male
Normal female
Affected female
4
5
6
Suppose the above pedigree represents the transfer of “DemiDisorder,” a recessive X-linked gene.
4. For male #4 above, will the individual’s phenotype be normal or affected by DemiDisorder?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. For female #5 above, will the individual’s phenotype be normal or affected?
______________________________________________________________________________
6. For offspring #6 above, what is the percent chance the child will be affected if it’s a girl? If it’s a boy?
______________________________________________________________________________
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 73
4.06 PLAY SCIENTIST
Quick assay! Be a good scientist and formulate a hypothesis… regarding the answers to the following
questions.
1. Suppose that a pair of homologous chromosomes contain genes A, B, C, and D. (These genes are not
necessarily arranged in alphabetical order on the chromosome.) The table below contains the rates of
crossing over for every combination of two genes. Based on what you know about linkage maps,
draw a chromosome and position genes A, B, C, and D in their likeliest arrangement relative to each
other.
Genes Crossed
Percentage
crossing-over
occurs
AxB
50%
AxC
30%
AxD
30%
BxC
20%
BxD
80%
CxD
60%
2. Consider the restriction enzyme table below. If the piece of DNA below is cut with each of these
enzymes in sequence, draw slashes where you would expect the DNA to be cut.
AACTGTACAAGCTTAAGAATTCTGGATCCTGGATTCAAGCTTGAATTCAATGGATCCC
Restriction Enzyme
Cut Sequence
HindIII
A / AGCTT
EcoR1
G / AATTC
BamH1
G / GATCC
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 74
4.07 ORDER IT!
You’re a detective.35 Use RFLP to set an innocent suspect free, by rearranging the below events into
chronological order.
A. Two suspects are taken in, and each provides a blood
sample.
B. DNA is extracted from all blood samples, then amplified
using PCR.
C. DNA samples are run through gel electrophoresis.
D. The suspect whose DNA sample matches the crime scene
sample GOES TO JAIL!
E. A crime is committed, and a blood sample left at the site is
collected for evidence.
F. DNA samples are cut using restriction enzymes, which
elucidate single nucleotide polymorphisms.
G. Restriction fragment length polymorphism allows for analysis of differing ladder patterns of
DNA.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
35
Use your special powers to solve this case—raise the dead, empathize with the killer, whatever it takes.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 75
4.08 MATCHING
You’ve given it a Nobel effort. Last exercise! Match the letter of the scientist on the left with their Nobel
Prize-winning contribution to science on the right. Each letter will be used only once.
a. Albrecht Kossel
_____ 1. the molecular structure of DNA
b. Abel, Smith, and Nathans
_____ 2. discovered restriction enzymes
c. Frederic Sanger
_____ 3. catalytic properties of RNA
d. Alfred Hershey
_____ 4. the nature of chemical bonds (including the molecular
modeling technique)
e. Roger Kornberg
_____ 5. developed PCR
f.
Thomas Hunt Morgan
_____ 6. ABO blood grouping
g. Karl Landsteiner
_____ 7. chromosomal inheritance and mutation model
h. (Arthur) Kornberg and Ochoa
_____ 8. identified the nitrogenous bases
i.
Watson and Crick
j.
Cech and Altman
_____ 9. discovered biosynthetic pathway of RNA and DNA
_____ 10. DNA transcription into mRNA
k. Kary Mullis
_____ 11. DNA sequencing technique
l.
Linus Pauling
_____ 12. importance of DNA in genetic replication
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 76
About the Author
Mike Lew was really into science in high school. He was an
Intel Science Talent Search Finalist and worked in a genetics
lab for three years. But then he went to Yale where all the
science classes were at 8 AM at the top of a hill, and all the
theater classes were at 2 PM in the middle of campus. Now
he’s a professional playwright!
Mike’s plays include the comedies Bike America and
microcrisis, and the short plays In Paris You Will Find Many
Baguettes But Only One True Love, Roanoke, and Moustache
Guys. He’s also a resident writer for Blue Man Group. Check
out his website at www.mikelew.com.
Anything Demi-related is semi-dedicated to the Academic Decathlon team at La Jolla High.
About the Illustrator
Janet Sung is an illustrator studying for her BFA at the New School for
Design in New York. Although her main hobbies are drawing and painting,
she also enjoys knitting, baking, and clipping coupons like an old lady. She
also likes to listen to hip-hop and pet kittens. Her short-term aspirations are
to learn how to swim, to start a web-comic series, and to learn how to draw
with both hands. Check out more of her work at www.janetsungart.com.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 77
Answer Key
SECTION I (CELLULAR REPRODUCTION)
1.01 FLOW CHART
1. Aristotle
2. Hartsoeker
3. Hippocrates
4. Kolreuter
5. Darwin
6. Wallace
7. Mendel
8. Flemming
9. Strasburger and Beneden
1.02 FALSE
1. “division” | “thread”
2. Species … Species | Animals…
Animals
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.03 EXCLUSIONS
Alfred Sturtevant,
Thomas Hunt
Morgan, Carl Correns
Archibald Garrod,
Sewall Wright, R.A.
Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane
Hugo de Vries, Erich
von Tzchrmak, Estella
Elinor Carothers
Walter Sutton, Nettie
Stevens, Theodor
Boveri
Reginald Punnett,
William Bateson,
Alfred Russel Wallace
Euripides | Plato
pangenomics | pangenesis
chromosomes | genes
soldier | substitute teacher
10,000 | 30,000
reproach |admiration
Carl Correns – All three are geneticists, but Carl Correns was working with plants whereas Morgan and
Sturtevant were working in animals
Archibald Garrod – Garrod was known for first describing a genetic disease, whereas all the rest were known for
the “modern synthesis” of the theory of evolution
Estella Elinor Carothers – Hugo de Vries and Erich von Tschermak rediscovered Mendel in 1900 (along with
Carl Correns), whereas Carothers’ work was in proving that chromosomes are independently inherited (after
Mendel’s ideas were already popularized).
Nettie Stevens – Stevens discovered the difference of sex chromosomes in males and females (along with
Edmund Wilson). Meanwhile, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri were known for proving that chromosomes
separate during mitosis in a manner consistent with Mendel’s observation on trait inheritance in plants.
Alfred Russel Wallace – Wallace was a naturalist and a contemporary of Darwin’s. The other two, who lived half
a century later, together noted the behavior of linked genes as well as the capacity for some genes to interact with
each other (or epistasis).
1.04 GROUPING
Austria: Erich von Tschermak
England: William Bateson, Archibald Gerrod, J.B.S. Haldane
Germany: Theodor Boveri, Carl Correns
Netherlands: Hugo de Vries
1.05. TRUE OR FALSE
1. False – There are about 1.8 million identified species on the
planet.
2. False – Robert Hooke was the first to coin the term “cell” and
was first to observe dead cells under the microscope. Anton
van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe live cells under the
microscope.
3. True
4. False – Linnaeus’ kingdom grouping excludes Domain
Eubacteria and Domain Archaebacteria.
USA: Nettie Stevens, Walter Sutton, Edmund Wilson, Sewell
Wright
Embryologists: William Bateson, Nettie Stevens, Edmund
Wilson
5.
6.
True
False – There are about 50 trillion cells in the body, not
billion.
7. False – Robert Brown was a botanist.
8. True
9. True
10. False – Ribosomes aren’t illustrative of endosymbiosis, just
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 78
1.06. LABEL IT!
1.07 EITHER OR
1. (PHOSPHOLIPIDS, CHITIN)
2. (NUCLEUS, CELL WALL)
3. (BIGGER, SMALLER)
4. (CILIA, FLAGELLA).
5. (RIBONUCLEIC ACID, DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC
ACID)
1.08 MATCHING
1. d
2. h
3. f
1.09 LABEL IT!
4.
5.
6.
k
i
a
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(KINGDOMS, DOMAINS)
(ARCHAEBACTERIA, EUBACTERIA)
(CHLOROPLASTS, CHLOROPHYLL).
(CHAINS, CONCENTRIC BALLS)
(LYSOSOMES AND ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM,
CELL WALLS AND RIBOSOMES)
7.
8.
9.
c
g
b
10. j
11. e
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 79
1.10 FILL IN THE BLANK
1. endocytosis, phagocytosis,
pinocytosis
2. rough endoplasmic reticulum,
ribosomes
3.
4.
5.
6.
nucleolus
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes, autophagy
endosymbiosis, mitochondria
7.
8.
9.
10.
microfilaments
microtubules
vacuole, centrioles
intermediate filaments
1.11 ANALOGIES
1. FedEx : Packages:: Golgi apparatus : Proteins
2. Power plant : Electricity :: Mitochondria : ATP
3. Train : Tracks :: Cellular cargo : Microtubules
4. City : Toxic Dump :: Plant : Vacuole
5. City : Toxic Dump :: Protist : Phagosome
6. City Pool : Water :: Cell : Cytoplasm
7. Bakery : Bread :: Nucleolus : Ribosomal RNA
8. Hydroelectric dam : Water :: Chloroplast: Sunlight
9. Scaffolding : Building :: Intermediate filaments: Organelles
10. Recycling center : Tin cans :: Lysosome : Old cell parts in animals
1.12 EXCLUSIONS
spindle fibers, ribosomes, centromeres, sister
chromatids
mitochondria, cilia, plasma membrane, flagella
ribosomes – Unlike all the other listed structures, ribosomes aren’t specifically
involved in cell division
mitochondria – With the exception of the mitochondria, all these cell parts are
located on the exterior of the cell
Translation – With the exception of translation, microfilaments play a role in all the
functions listed here.
Circular double-stranded DNA pieces – Plasmids, or circular double-stranded DNA
pieces, are not one of the distinct structures in a eukaryotic cell.
pinocytosis, amoeboid movement, phagocytosis,
translation
internal membrane-bound structures, circular
double-stranded DNA pieces, outer selective
barrier, fluid-filled space
anchoring devices, energy sources, enzymes,
transporters, recognition molecules
Energy source - Plasma membrane proteins do not function as an energy source, but
serve all other functions listed.
1.13 COMPARISONS
1. E
2. P
3. E
4. P
5.
6.
7.
8.
P
E
E
P
9. P
10. E
1.14 MATCHING
1. h
2. g
3. f
4. b
5.
6.
7.
8.
l
k
a
i
9.
10.
11.
12.
c
j
d
e
1.15 TRUE OR FALSE
1. True
2. False – Vesicles are membrane-bound structures, although ribosomes and cytoskeletal elements are not.
3. True
4. False – Free ribosomes in the cytoplasm manufacture cytosolic proteins, while ribosomes attached to rough ER manufacture the
membrane proteins.
5. False – In addition to the rough and smooth ER, nuclear envelope, and Golgi apparatus, the endomembrane system also includes
transport vesicles.
6. False –Transcription consists of the manufacture of RNA from a DNA template, and translation refers to the manufacture of proteins
from an RNA template.
7. True
8. False – The lipid bilayer that forms the plasma membrane is comprised of phospholipids with one phosphate “head” and two fatty
acid “tails.”
9. False – There are approximately 260 cell types in the human body.
10. False – Mitochondria and chloroplasts show evidence of having evolved through endosymbiosis, but not ribosomes.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 80
1.16 FALSE
1. g phase | interphase
2. chromosome | circular DNA piece
3. 24 hours | 20 minutes
1.17 FILL IN THE BLANK
1. S phase, sister chromatids
2. anaphase
3. kinetochore, centromere
4. MTOC
4.
5.
6.
chloroplasts | cell walls
single-celled | multicellular
half a day | one day
7.
8.
to split | to move
mitosis | interphase
5.
6.
7.
metaphase
G1 phase, G2 phase
prophase, nuclear envelope,
vesicles
8. telophase
9. cytokinesis, cleavage
10. vesicles, cell plate
1.18 CHARTING
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Description
√
Nucleoli are reassembled.
rRNA synthesis stops.
All chromosomes are now aligned.
Sister chromatids become individual chromosomes.
Spindle fibers and centrosomes disintegrate.
Kinetochore microtubules drag sister chromatids to the middle.
The proteins that bind sister chromatids become inactivated.
It happens directly before cytokinesis.
The kinetochore forms and spindle fibers attach to it.
The nuclear envelope disintegrates.
Centrosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell.
The kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull chromosomes apart.
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
1.19 EITHER OR
1. (OOGONIA,
SPERMATOGONIA)
2. (FORTY-SIX, TWENTYTHREE)
3. (GENETIC DIVERSITY,
NATURAL SELECTION)
4.
5.
6.
7.
(FUNGI, PROTISTS).
(SEX, PUBERTY)
(ASEXUAL TO SEXUAL,
SEXUAL TO ASEXUAL)
(SOMATIC CELLS,
GAMETES)
8.
9.
(FORTY-SIX, NINTEY-TWO)
(FERTILIZATION,
OOGENESIS)
10. (TWO BILLION, TWO
TRILLION)
1.20 DEFINITIONS
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Homologous chromosomes pair up into tetrads and crossing over occurs. The nucleoli and nuclear envelope
disappear, and spindle fibers interact with the tetrads.
Tetrads line up at the metaphase plate and microtubules attach to the kinetochore of each homologous
chromosome.
Homologous chromosomes separate.
The nuclear envelope briefly reappears and the cells split, resulting in two haploid cells.
The nuclear envelope disappears and spindle fibers interact with sister chromatids.
The sister chromatids are aligned at the metaphase plate.
Sister chromatids split, yielding two sets of chromosomes.
The nuclear envelope reforms and the cells split, resulting in four haploid gametes.
1.21 COMPARISONS
1. Me
2. Mi
3. Me
4. Mi
5.
6.
7.
8.
Mi
Me
Mi
Mi
9. Me
10. Me
1.22 BY THE NUMBERS
1. 2, 4
2. 5
3. 6
4. 23, 46
5.
6.
7.
8.
60
260
22,000
1 million, 50 million
9. 3.1 billion
10. 50 trillion
11. 64 trillion
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 81
1.23 TRUE OR FALSE
1. False – Stem cells are defined as those cells that can divide indefinitely and that can be induced to become one of numerous (though
not necessarily all) types of cells.
2. True
3. False – Stem cells in reproductive organs are said to be multipotent.
4. True
5. True
6. False – The “ultimate source” of genetic variation is mutation.
7. False – The independent assortment of chromosomes allows for increased genetic variation during metaphase I of meiosis.
8. False – Crossing over refers to traits on a chromosome swapping places between the father and mother’s sides.
9. True
10. True
1.24 GROUPING
Dividing: uterine endometrial cells, skin cells, intestinal epithelial cells
Non-Dividing: lens cells in the eye, nerve cells in the brain, muscle cells in the heart, hair cells in the ear
Reproductively Dormant: embryo in a seed plant, liver cells prior to wound healing
1.25 LABEL IT!
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 82
S EC T I O N II ( T HE P A TT E RN OF IN H E RI T A NC E )
2.01 TWO TRUTHS AND A LIE
failed the teacher certificate exam twice
1. Gregor
studied at the University of Brno
Mendel…
grew up on a farm
2. Pea plants were
are easy to pollinate
ideal for Mendel’s
have easily identifiable traits
studies because
are always true-breeding
they…
3. The theory of
explains Mendel’s observations in pea plants
did not strictly fit with all of Darwin’s data
blending
holds that offspring receive a blend of the mother and father’s traits
inheritance…
4. The traits
plant height
Mendel monitored flower size
included….
seed color
5. Mendel’s
cell theory
scientific training
Darwinian evolution
botany
included…
6. Some of the
limits Mendel
crossing plants that differed by only one trait at a time
following just 7 traits out of a possible 34
placed on his
experiment
terminating the experiment after just 3 generations of plants
included…
included the study of 50,000 plants
7. Mendel’s
took place between 1854-1865
experiments…
incorporated statistical analysis
2.02 DRAW A THING!
2.03 MATCHING
1. k
2. f
3. l
4. j
5.
6.
7.
8.
e
a
d
h
9.
10.
11.
12.
c
b
g
i
2.04 FLOW CHART
1. autosomes
2. homologous
3. alleles
4.
5.
6.
homozygous dominant
heterozygous
homozygous recessive
7.
8.
dominant
recessive
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 83
2.05 MATH BREAK
1. 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
6. 2/10 + 5/10 = 7/10
2. 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8
7. 3/4 x 2/3 x 1/2 = 6/24 (or 1/4)
3. 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36
8. (1/2 x 1/2) x (1/2 x 1/2) = 1/16
4. 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
9. 13/52 x 13/51 = 169/2652
5. 13/52 + 13/52 = 26/52 (or 1/2)
10. 2 (1/6 x 1/6) + 2 (1/6 x 1/6) + 2 (1/6 x 1/6) = 6/36, or 1/6. Note: Your way of arriving at 1/6 may differ, but the included solution
accounts for two different ways of arriving at a sum of 6 + 1, or 2 + 5, or 3 + 4 (and their attendant probabilities).
2.06 DRAW A THING
MENDELIAN GENETICS
P:  + 

F1

BLENDING INHERITANCE
P:  + 

F1





F2
F2








Note: for blending inheritance another acceptable answer would be  for all spaces.
2.07 MATH BREAK
1. (X + X) x (X + x) = XX + XX + Xx + Xx. All will be X-men.
2. (v + v) x (V + v) = vV + vV + vv + vv. 1/2 will have verve and 1/2 will be insipid.
3. 12/16, or 3/4 will be emo rockers
Parents
SW
SW
Sw
Sw
SW
SSWW
SSWW
SSWw
SSWw
Sw
SSWw
SSWw
SSww
SSww
sW
SsWW
SsWW
SsWw
SsWw
sw
SsWw
SsWw
Ssww
Ssww
4. 0 will be like Professor Snape (ssww). 4/16, or 1/4 will be like Moaning Myrtle (SSww or Ssww).
Parents
SW
SW
Sw
Sw
SW
SSWW
SSWW
SSWw
SSWw
Sw
SSWw
SSWw
SSww
SSww
sW
SsWW
SsWW
SsWw
SsWw
sw
SsWw
SsWw
Ssww
Ssww
5.
6.
7.
8.
For a cross of two heterozygous individuals, we expect a 3:1 ratio for the dominant trait. So in a litter of 120, we would expect 90 to
be adorable.
For a cross of two heterozygous individuals, we expect a 9:3:3:1 ratio. If adorableness is dominant and cuddliness is recessive, we
expect 3/16 to turn out with that phenotype. 3/16 x 120 = 22.5, so 22-23 should be both adorable and cuddly.
52:49 is approximately a 1:1 (or 2:2) ratio, which is what we would expect to see from parents where one is heterozygous (Bb) and the
other is homozygous recessive (bb). See table below.
Bb x BB: 100% dom
bb x Bb: 2:2 dom/rec
Bb x Bb: 3:1 dom/rec
BB x BB: 100% dom
Bb x bb: 2:2 dom/rec
BB x Bb: 100% dom
bb x bb: 100% rec
BB x bb: 100% dom
bb x BB: 100% dom
If all offspring show the dominant trait, the possible combination of genotypes for the parents are (BB x Bb), (BB x BB), or (BB x bb).
See table above.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 84
2.08 CHARTING
Didn’t Know
Used
Created
Description
√
law of dominance
binomial theorem
consideration of sample size
law of segregation
gene-protein interactivity
product rule of probability
alleles are variable versions of genes
law of independent assortment
linked genes
meiosis
codominance
certain “factors,” or alleles, control trait inheritance
scientific method
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
2.09 TRUE OR FALSE
1. False – Mendel’s publication was called Experiments on Plant Hybridization
2. True
3. False – For any of our genes, there are two or more possible forms.
4. False – Mendel tracked a maximum of three traits at a time.
5. True
6. False – By the end of his life, Mendel remained convinced of the significance of his findings.
7. True
8. True
9. True
10. False – Hugo de Vries borrowed from Mendel’s research and acknowledged it in his own publication.
2.10 GROUPING
Hugo de Vries: published in 1900, studied mutation in evolution, confirmed Mendel’s theories, Dutch
Carl Erich Correns: published in 1900, German, confirmed Mendel’s theories, studied extra-chromosomal factors in phenotype
Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg: had a grandfather who taught Mendel, published in 1900, confirmed Mendel’s theories, Austrian,
confirmed 3:1 ratio of inheritance
2.11 FILL IN THE BLANK
1. pedigree
2. gene
3. phenotype, survival
4. Human Genome Project, genetic, inherited, environmental stresses
5. screening
6. heterozygous, carrier
7. homozygous recessive
8. nucleotides, amino acids
9. coding region
10. single-gene controlled
2.12 TWO TRUTHS AND A LIE
1. was the first to describe a sex-linked disease (was the first to describe a disease linked to genetics)
2. the result of a non-metabolized lipid complex (the result of a non-metabolized amino acid)
3. pancreas (kidneys)
4. is the most common deadly inherited disorder (is the most common deadly inherited disorder affecting Caucasians in the US)
5. develop fatty deposits on the digestive lining (develop thick, sticky mucous on the digestive lining)
6. affects one in 300 African-Americans (affects one in 400 African-Americans)
7. have misshapen white blood cells (have misshapen red blood cells)
8. affects one in 3,500 Sephardic Jews (affects one in 3,500 Ashkenazi Jews)
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 85
2.13 DRAW A THING!
See tables below with relevant phenotypes in bold. The first set of parents will yield a higher ratio of furry, saw-toothed offspring (1/2 of all
offspring) as compared to the second set of parents (1/4 of all offspring).
FB
Fb
Fb
fb
Fb
FFBb
FFBb
FfBb
FFBb
Fb
FFbb
FFbb
Ffbb
FFbb
fB
FfBb
FfBb
ffBb
FfBb
fb
Ffbb
Ffbb
Ffbb
Ffbb
FB
Fb
fB
fb
fb
FfBb
Ffbb
ffBb
ffbb
fb
FfBb
Ffbb
ffBb
ffbb
fb
FfBb
Ffbb
ffBb
ffbb
fb
FfBb
Ffbb
ffBb
ffbb
2.14 FALSE
1. autosomal recessive | autosomal
dominant
2. codominance | incomplete
dominance
3. functioning allele | defective allele
4.
5.
6.
of either 200 or 800 | ranging
from 200 to 800
synthesizing it de novo in cells |
acquiring it in the diet
bloodstream | liver
2.15 PLAY DOCTOR
Mother was AA
and father was
BB.
Anti-A and
Anti-B
antibodies both
present in
serum.
Blood Type: O
No antigens
present on red
blood cell.
Blood Type: O
Blood Type: AB
Can receive
blood from type
B and O
patients.
Mother was AO
and father was
AA.
Blood Type: A
Blood Type: B
2.16 EITHER, OR
1. (GLYCOPROTEIN, T-RECEPTOR)
2. (AGGLUTINATION, APOPTOSIS)
3. (ANTIBODIES, ANTIGENS)
4. (ANTI-A, ANTI-B)
5. (AB, O)
6. (WAS, WASN’T)
7. (FOUR, EIGHT)
8. (COMPLETE DOMINANCE, CO-DOMINANCE)
9. (RH-, RH+)
10. (ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIBODIES)
7.
8.
9.
enzymes | steroids
in arteries | on the cell surface
copies | mutations
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 86
2.17 COMPARISON
1. Po
2. Pl
3. Po
4. Pl
5.
6.
7.
8.
2.18 COMMONALITIES
color blindness and gender, sweet pea flower color
and grain shape, fruit fly gender and eye color
William Bateson, Reginald Punnett, and Edith
Rebecca Saunders
Breeding flies in the dark, identifying more than two
dozen mutant genes, subjecting flies to X-ray
radiation, and winning the Nobel Prize
Po
Po
Pl
Pl
9. Po
10. Pl
These are all examples of linked genes.
All are British scientists who discovered linked genes in pea plants.
These are all things that Thomas Morgan did.
9:3:3:1, 15.6:1.0:1.4:4.5, 782:1011:2459:0
These are all examples of phenotypic ratios from different dihybrid crosses (classic
Mendelian, Bateson/Punnett/Saunders’ linked genes experiment, and Morgan’s
sex-linked genes experiment.
Genes on chromosomes are linear, recombinant
percentages correlate with gene distance, linkage
mapping of Drosophila
These are all insights and achievements that Alfred Sturtevant accomplished.
2.19 PLAY DOCTOR
1. autosomal
2. recessive
3. 50%
2.20 FLOW CHART!
1. XX
2. XY
3. Y
4.
5.
6.
Sex Reversal Y
ovaries
male
7.
8.
2.21 FILL IN THE BLANK
1. Y chromosome, mitochondria
2. sperm, oocyte
3. circular, energy
4. pedigree
5.
6.
7.
8.
karyotyping, fetal
circulation
uterus
chorionic villus sampling, invasive
9. amniocentesis, membrane
10. in utero
female
testis
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 87
SECTION III (MOLECULAR GENETICS)
3.01 FLOW CHART
1. descent with modification
2. more offspring
3. naturally selected
4. large
5. mutations
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
sympatric
migration
allopatric
random
Hardy-Weinberg
11.
12.
13.
14.
3.02 MATCHING
1. e
2. j
3. i
4. h
5.
6.
7.
8.
f
b
a
c
9. g
10. d
11. k
3.03 EXCLUSIONS
uracil, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
cytosine, thymine, uracil, guanine
sulfur, nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate
injecting mice with S-strain pneumonia, heating
S-strain pneumonia, combining S-strain and Rstrain pneumonia in mice, transforming
pneumonia strains in a test tube
identifying deoxyribose as part of nucleic acids,
determining the molecular components of nucleic
acids, identifying the pairing of A-T and G-C,
proposing a tetranucleotide hypothesis
mutation
independent assortment
microevolution
macroevolution
Uracil – all are nitrogenous bases, but uracil is in RNA whereas all the others are in
DNA
Guanine – all of these nitrogenous bases have a single-ring structure, but guanine has
a double-ring structure
Sulfur – all are components of a mononucleotide, except for sulfur which is a
component of proteins
Transforming pneumonia strains in a test tube – all are experiments that Frederick
Griffith performed to arrive at his “transforming principle,” except for performing
these tests in a test tube rather than in mice (which Dawson and Sia later did)
identifying the pairing of A-T and G-C – all are innovations that Phoebus Levene
arrived at, except for the pairing of A-T and G-C (which Chargaff arrived at to
disprove the tetranucleotide hypothesis)
3.04 FALSE
1. streptococcus | pneumococcus
2. virulent | non-virulent
3. increased | decreased
4. protein | DNA
5. could | could not
6. disprove | prove
7. bacterium that infects viruses | virus that infects bacteria
8. the same |different
9. A-G, T-C |A-T, G-C
3.05 DEFINITIONS
Centrifugation
Paper
chromatography
X-ray
Crystallography
Molecular Model
Building
Centrifugation is the process of spinning a lab sample around a central axis at high speed, in order to separate
the components based on size, density, or weight. Hershey and Chase used centrifugation to separate
radioactively-labeled bacteriophages and bacteria, in order to prove that the bacteriophages were inserting
DNA into the bacteria (and not protein).
Paper chromatography is a procedure that uses the chemical properties of a substance (or substances) to
separate and isolate that substance (or substances) out from a mixture, and onto a piece of paper. Chargaff
used paper chromatography to isolate the molecules in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA, comparing the
proportion of nucleotides.
X-ray crystallography is a technique of bombarding a molecule with X-rays in order to create a shadow image
of the molecule, thereby providing information on the molecule’s size and shape, and the spatial relationship
of the molecule’s constituent parts. Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to determine the doublestranded shape of DNA, and the locations of the sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base components.
Nobel Prize winning scientist Linus Pauling developed the technique of molecular model building in order
to visualize the physical shape and composition of molecules, using standardized components (such as balls
and sticks to represent the atoms and its bonds). James Watson and Francis Crick used molecular model
building in order to propose the double helix structure of DNA.
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 88
3.06 BY THE NUMBERS
1. 1, 1
2. 3
3. 13, 14, 15
4. 20
5.
6.
7.
8.
20
64
98
AUG
9. UGG
10. UAA, UAG, UGA
3.07 ANALOGIES
1. bottle opener: bottle :: helicase : DNA
2. replication fork : DNA replication :: insertion point : surgery
3. primer : DNA :: starter : sourdough bread
4. spell check : MS Word :: nuclease : DNA
5. track layer : railway tracks :: primase : RNA primer
6. crane : skyscraper :: DNA polymerase : daughter strand
7. glue gun : rhinestones :: DNA ligase : phosphate
8. tortoise : hare :: lagging strand : leading strand
3.08 TRUE OR FALSE
1. True
2. False – Mutation is the primary force behind microevolution, and paired with natural selection can lead to macroevolution
3. True
4. False – Sickle cell anemia results from a point mutation in hemoglobin.
5. False – Sickle cell anemia is a recessive trait, resulting from both parents having the mutation.
6. True
7. True
8. False – Frameshifts primarily occur due to additions or deletions of a nucleotide.
9. True
10. True
3.09 LABEL IT!
mRNA sequence: AUG CUU ACU AAU AGU GGU UGG UAA
protein sequence: methionine/start leucine threonine asparagine serine glycine tryptophan stop
tRNA anticodons: UAC GAA UGA UUA UCA CCA ACC AUU
3.10 CHARTING
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
Description
Roger Kornberg discovered how DNA is transcribed into this form
of RNA
Most likely to be found in double-stranded form
Carries information in an anticodon sequence
Known to forms a complex with dozens of proteins
Carries information in a codon sequence
Pairs with and carries specific amino acids
Helps to hold the other RNA forms in the correct position
It is transcribed directly from a DNA gene template
Made not just in the nucleus but in the nucleolus
Most directly involved with assembling and synthesizing the protein
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
3.11 FILL IN THE BLANK
1. initiation, elongation, termination
2. transcription, mRNA
3. cap, poly A tail
4. exon
3.12 DEFINITIONS
antibody
actin and myosin
nuclear matrix
proteins
insulin
reverse
5.
6.
7.
intron
translation, tRNA
large ribosomal subunit, small
ribosomal subunit
defends the cell from invaders
contraction, movement
supports cell structure (i.e. cytoskeleton)
hormone (body signal/messenger)
Gene replication and expression
8. P site
9. A site
10. disulfide bridge
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 89
transcriptase,
ligase, or helicase
aquaporin, calcium
channels
receptor for a
neurotransmitter
Transporter across cellular membrane
cell-to-cell communication
3.13 FALSE
1. discarded | not discarded
2. excretory | enzymatic
3. self-ligating | self-splicing
4.
5.
6.
protein world | RNA world
few hundred | few dozen
mRNA | double-stranded RNAs
7.
8.
9.
ester groups | methyl groups
amino acids |energy
catalytic | messenger
5.
6.
7.
8.
B
C
I
E
9. F
10. H
3.14 PLAY DOCTOR
1. Werner Aber
2. Endonuclease R
3. Daniel Nathans
4. EcoR1 and EcoRV
3.15 ORDER IT!
1. D
2. G
3. A
4. J
3.16 TRUE OR FALSE
1. True
2. True
3. False – Animal versions of insulin are slightly genetically different from the human version.
4. False – Insulin is a pancreatic hormone that modulates sugar intake in cells.
5. False – Type II diabetes patients do not respond to insulin, whereas Type I patients do not manufacture it.
6. True
7. True
8. False – This technology can also be applied to produce erythropoietin for anemia treatment.
9. True
10. False – Plasmid technology allows for mass-production of protein by taking advantage of the fact that bacteria divide every 20
minutes.
3.17 TWO TRUTHS AND A LIE
1. cannot be applied to paternity suits (can be applied to paternity suits)
2. a chamber filled with water (a chamber filled with buffer solution)
3. largely results from frameshift mutations (largely results from point mutations)
4. acts as a base (acts as an acid)
5. DNA samples must be amplified in plasmids (DNA samples must be amplified by PCR)
6. larger samples travel faster than smaller ones (smaller samples travel faster than larger ones)
7. are only 1% different (are only 0.1% different)
8. bone marrow (blood, sperm, or fabrics)
3.18 EITHER, OR
1. (COMMERCIAL,
MEDICINAL)
2. (PIGEON, HAWK)
3. (10,000, 20,000)
4.
5.
6.
(USING FERTILIZER,
GRAFTING)
(NUCLEUS, GERMLINE)
(RETROVIRUS,
PROTOVIRUS)
3.19 FLOW CHART
1-5. diet, aging, development, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
6. methyl
7. phosphate-sugar
8. transcription factors
9. promoter
3.20 MATCHING
7.
8.
(PLASMID, VECTOR)
(PRONUCLEUS,
PROTONUCLEUS)
9. (STEM, OOCYTE)
10. (INCREASE, REDUCE)
10. epigenetic factors
11. histones
12. chromosomes
13-16. mental disorders, diabetes, autoimmune disease, cancer
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 90
1.
2.
3.
4.
h
c
h
g
3.21 BY THE NUMBERS
1. 2
2. 5
3. 50
4. 90
5.
6.
7.
8.
b
e
a, f, i
d
9. c
10. d
5.
6.
7.
8.
99.9
200
1990, 2003
3000
9.
10.
11.
12.
SECTION IV
4.01 TIMELINE
1665 – Robert Hooke describes cells
1839 – Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow develop the cell theory
1859 – Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species
1865-66 – Mendel publishes Experiments on Plant Hybridization
1908 – birth of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
1910-11 – Thomas Hunt Morgan proposes chromosomal theory of inheritance
1913 – Alfred Sturtevant creates first linkage map
1937 – Theodosius Dobhansky merges genetics and evolutionary bio
1942 – Ernst Mayr arrives at biological species concept
1950 – Birth of the Chargaff rule
1951 – Rosaland Franklin X-ray diffraction of DNA
1953 – Watson and Crick determine structure of DNA
1953 – the Miller-Urey experiment
1985 – Kary Mullis creates PCR
2003 – Human Genome Project completed
4.02 LABEL IT!
3000
22,500
1.4 million
3 billion
SCIENCE DEMIDRILLS | 91
4.03 CHARTING
Mitosis
Meiosis
Transcription
Translation
√
Results in the creation of four daughter cells
Results in the creation of RNA
Results in the creation of two identical daughter cells
Results in the creation of a protein
Requires two cycles to complete
Consists of four phases
Includes crossing-over
Involves pairing of codons and anticodons
U is substituted for T
occurs inside the nucleus
occurs in the cytoplasm or on the rough ER
process for perfectly duplicating DNA
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
4.04 FILL IN THE BLANK
1. sexual reproduction
2. meiosis, crossing over
3. independent assortment
4. complete dominance
5.
6.
7.
Description
incomplete dominance,
codominance
pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance
point mutation, missense
mutation
8.
9.
nonsense mutations, frameshift
mutations
epigenetics, DNA methylation,
histone modification
4.05 PLAY DOCTOR
1. OO and OO, AO and AO, AO and BO, BO and BO, AO and OO, BO and OO
2. No, not unless both parents are OO.
3. O- only
4. affected
5. normal
6. 50%, 50%
4.06 PLAY SCIENTIST
1.
B
2.
C
A
D
AACTGTACA/AGCTTAAG/AATTCTG/GATCCTGGATTCA/AGCTTG/AATTCAATG/GATCCC
4.07 ORDER IT!
1. E
2. A
3. B
4.08 MATCHING
1. i
2. b
3. j
4. l
5. k
6. g
7. f
8. a
9. h
10. e
11. c
12. d
4.
5.
6.
F
C
G
7.
D