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What do I have to know to feel confident and prepared for the DNA Structure and Function Quiz?
Remember when we . . Students should be able to . . .
. . . practiced Punnet Square
with Sponge Bob and Patrick.
Predicting Offspring Variations - Punnet Square
1. Use a Punnett Square to determine what the probability (percent chance) for all genotypes and phenotypes
for offspring if a Heterozygous Brown eye (Bb) parent is crossed with a blue eye parent (bb)
B
b
Genotype
Phenotype
b
Bb
bb
0 % BB
50 % Brown eyes
b
Bb
bb
50 % Bb
50 % Blue eyes
50 % bb
. . .when we used an internet
source and Google Docs to
collaborate on the exceptions
to Mendel’s rule.
Exceptions to Mendel’s Rules of Dominance
2. Describe and provide an example for each of our 4 exceptions to Mendel’s dominant overpowers
recessive rule of inheritance. Include: incomplete dominance, codominance, polygenic inheritance, and
sex-linked inheritance.
Polygenic Dominance: Dominant hair color alleles make hair darker, but there are 2 genes and 46 alleles
Sex-linked Inheritance: If a mother has the gene for a recessive hemophilia that is on the X chromosome her son will
always inherit this disease.
Codominance: If you receive the type A allele and the type B allele for blood type, you will have AB blood type
because both alleles are dominant to the allele for type O.
Incomplete dominance: A dark drown bunny and a white bunny would produce a tan bunny because incomplete
dominance creates a variation that is blended.
DNA Structure
3. What is DNA and what is it important?
..extracted DNA from split peas,
strawberries, kiwi fruit and
human cheek cells?
DNA (deoxyribonucleaic acid) is a large double-helix shaped molecule that carries the code for inherited traits.
. . played the Twisted Clones
game to build part of a strand
4. Where is DNA located inside a cell? DNA is located in the nucleus of nearly all living cells.
of DNA.
5. Name the 6 chemical parts that bond together to create a DNA molecule?
Nitrogen bases bond to deoxyribose sugars in the backbone. Nitrogen bases bond to each other in pairs AT, and C-G. Phosphate bonds between deoxyribose sugars in the backbone.
6. What are the parts of a nucleotide?
A nucleotide consists of one nitrogen base, one deoxyribose sugar, and one phosphate group.
7. Draw a DNA molecule and label all the parts listed in the question #4. Use the following code on
the left-hand side of the molecule:
Deoxyribose Sugar
A-T
C-G
Phosphate group
A-T
-T
Nitrogen Base Pair
Nucleotide
C-G
T-A
A
C
C
T
8. Which chemical parts of DNA hold the code?
The code that determines the version of an inherited trait for an organism is in the list of nitrogen bases
that we call A, T, C, G (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
9. Would you expect all DNA, whether from a rose, a turtle, or a ballet dancer to be made from the same
phosphate groups, deoxyribose sugar, and the A,T, C, G nitrogen bases?
All living things are defined by DNA, the sequence of the code (number and order of nitrogen bases) might
be different, but all DNA is made up of an arrangement of the same 4 nitrogen bases.
Biotechnology and Its Impact on humans
. . . learned about the Shoah
project and used STR profiles
to construct the alleles for a
lost person
.. used gel electrophoresis to
help Todd’s family prove he
10. How can we use biotechnology to predict the alleles for a lost person?
We can use Short tandem repeats (STRs) in gel electrophoresis to separate the 2 alleles each person has.
Once separated you can compare the position. If the alleles for two people are lined up at a set distance
from the starting point of the gel, there is a very high chance they are related. If you the alleles for the
spouse and offspring for a lost person you can construct at least portion of their STR profile. You can then
compare the STR profile to known samples to identify them.
wasn’t adopted.
11. How much DNA do you share with each of your parents?
100% of your DNA came from your parents. 50% from Mom and 50% from dad.
12. How much DNA do you share with your siblings?
Since you have a 50:50 chance of the getting the same allele from dad as a sibling and you have a 50:50
chance of the getting the same allele from mom, you have a (.5 x .50 = .25) 25% chance of sharing the
same DNA as a sibling.
DNA and Cells
. . . played Truth or Lie to
uncover the details of the cell
theory.
. used a double bubble to find
the differences between
mitosis and meiosis.
. . .drew on your desks to see
the differences between
mitosis and meiosis.
13. How are cells involved in trait inheritance?
14. Describe the 3 components of the cell theory.
The cell theory is defined by three ideas: all living things are made up of cells, new cells can only come from existing
cells, and cells are the smallest functional unit of a living thing.
THE REST WILL BE ON THE FINAL NEXT WEEK.:-)
15. Why do we need new cells?
16. Describe the 2 processes organisms use to create new cells. Why does an organism need 2 different cell
division processes?
17. How many chromosomes will a new human body cell (any cell in the body except a sex cell) contain?
18. How many chromosomes will a new human sex cell (any cell involved in reproduction) contain?
19. How is DNA passed on to the offspring in sexual reproduction?