Download Biology 3A Exam 3 Study Guide The exam will consist of multiple

Biology 3A Exam 3 Study Guide
The exam will consist of multiple choice, true-false, “fill-in”, and short answer.
Total of 100 points.
The following is by no means everything on the test. This guide emphasizes main topics that are covered on the test in
one fashion or another. Study your notes, the test is based on the notes given in class. Read your book to back up the notes
given in class. Concentrate on the topics given in class when reading your book. Study groups can help -but you need to
study not just talk! You will really learn the material if you can teach it to someone. Review you lecture notes in detail.
Highlight new terms & concepts. Use the text to complete and correct your notes. Don’t forget to use your text glossary &
index to help define terms and find subjects. If you’re not sure whether you should know something, either ask or just
learn it! If I covered it, it’s fair game. Good Luck!!!
 MITOSIS
Know binary fission. Know the different phases and what is occurring during each.Know the cell cycle.Cytokinesis.
Be able to label a diagram of the different phases. Be able to identify the different phases of both plant and animal cells
undergoing cell division. Differences between plant and animal cells. Difference between chromatin, chromosomes and
chromatids. Know how many chromosomes are in the daughter cells after mitosis. What why do we undergo mitosis? What
are the control factors discussed in class for cell division and how they limit cell division? What is the problem with cancer
cells? basic cancer cell stuff discussed in class, What are p53 and p 21? What are tumor suppressors? What are the
possible problems with the cell cycle that can produce cancer cells? BRCA1&2, HER2: breast cancer genes discussed,
What is tumor (benign & malignant)? What is metastasis? What are telomeres and telomerases? Functions?How do we
fight cancer cells? Know the difference between karyokenesis and cytokinesis. Apoptosis and cellular death.
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MEIOSIS
What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? Where does meiosis occur?When does it occur?Why
does it occur?When does it occur? What is spermatogenesis and oogenesis?Products of each? Know the following terms
and how they relate to meiosis: homologous chromosomes, diploid, haploid, gametes, zygote, syngamy. Be able to label a
diagram of the different phases -refer to your text. Know the different phases of meiosis and how they are different from
mitosis? What are the sexual sources for variation? How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation? What is
nondisjunction?Polyploidy? Aneupoidy? Trisomy? Monosomy? Possible genetic causes for birth defects, etc.
Define the following terms and use them in sentences describing events during meiosis: synapsis, chiasma, crossing over,
homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, nonsister chromatids, chromosome sets, chrmatin, dipoid, haploid, zygote,
gamete
Compare meiosis I with mitosis
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DNA replication -where, when & why does it occur (Chapter 16) DNA structure, bacteriophages, transformation. Be
prepared to draw, label & explain a diagram of the replication fork (Figure 16.16). structure of DNA -nitrogenous bases, 5
carbon sugar, phosphate group. types of bonds involved Chargoff’s rule -base pairing of the nitrogenous bases (A = T and
C ≡ G). enzymes involved in DNA replication (helicase, single-strand binding protein, DNA polymerase, topisomerase,
primase, DNA ligase) and their respective roles. know chromosome organization: chromatin, histone proteins,
nucleosome, heterochromatin, euchromatin, loop domains. priming, 5’ --> 3’ direction. origins of replication, replication
bubbles (why do eukaryotes have many whereas prokaryotes only have one?), replication fork, parent strand, leading
strand, lagging strand (Okazaki’s fragments) -what joins the fragments together. proofreading, DNA repair, repair enzymes
and excision repair, nucleases (endo vs. exo), know the types of DNA damage
• Protein synthesis -where, when & why does it occur? (Chapter 17) Be prepared to draw, label & explain a diagram of
transcription, RNA processing & translation (Figure 17.25). Know triplet, codon, anticodon -how are they formed and how
they function. Explain all the steps of protein synthesis, including transcriptional and translational steps. Transcription
-where does it occur and what is involved: initiation site, TATA box, promoter region, termination site. RNA polymerase III
(what are their roles), pre-mRNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, cRNA. RNA processing, RNA splicing --what are introns and
exons; 5’ cap, poly-A tail, spliceosomes, snRNA, snRNP. What’s the significance of introns and exons. Translation-where
does it occur and what is involved: tRNA, anticodon, triplet, amino acid attachment site, amino acids, aminoacyl-tRNA
synthetase. what’s inosine? the wobble hypothesis? Where does it occur? What can happen when it occurs? mRNA role
-binding site: How are the E, P & A sites used? What is the role of ribosomes? Polyribosomes? Composition of rRNA. What
are ribozymes? How do they work? What is the significance of having DNA as opposed to RNA as the genetic material?
Mutations: point (substitution) and frameshift (insertions & deletions). Know which type of mutation is more detrimental to
the organism and why? Are all mutations bad? What’s the raw material for natural selection? Know difference between
transposons and retrotransposons.
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Control of Gene Expression (Chapter 18)
Operons: operator, repressor, regulatory gene, corepressor and how these operons work. Lac operon (Lac Z, Lac Y & Lac A
genes) Lac I repressor, Lac ZYA transcriptional unit (Figure 18.21). Trp operon (five genes involved) -> for biosynthesis of
tryptophan (Figure 18.20) Understand how these two operons are turn “on” and “off”. Understand the various mechanisms
on how eukaryotic cells control gene expression. We discussed several: differential gene expression, regulation of
chromatin structure, epigenetics, regulation of transcription, RNA processing, mRNA degradation, protein processing &
degradation.
• DNA technology (Chapter 20) What is recombinant technology and its importance to humans and agriculture? Know how
genes are produced (copied) in mass quantities (plasmids of bacteria). Know the difference between PCR and RFLP.
What are restriction enzymes? Would PCR or RFLP utilize restriction enzymes? Understand the PCR lab – use your lab as
a reference.
•
Genetics (Ch 14 & 15)
Know the following terms: character; trait, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, P 1, F1 & F2 generations, test cross, genotype,
phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles,
polygenic inheritance, consanguinity, phenocopy, heterophylly, plieotropy, epistasis, sex-influenced traits Know how to do
the genetic problems on the worksheets -there will be several problems on the exam. Rules of multiplication & addition and
how to use them to solve genetic problems. What are sex-linked genes? Mendel’s laws for segregation and independent
assortment. Know the genotypic and phenotypic ratios discussed in class. Know the dominantly, recessively and
sex-linked inherited disorders discussed in class. Linked genes, X-inactivation, Barr body, Lyon hypothesis, Sex
determination, SRY gene, TDF, MIF. Know the 4 chromosomal alterations discussed. Be able to analyze a pedigree
analysis on the exam.
• People to know:
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o Griffith; Avery, McCarty & McLeod; Hershey & Chase; Watson & Crick; Franklin; Wilkins; Chargaff;
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o Mendel, Morgan, Lyon, Sturtevant, Barr,