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BTEC Level 3 Applied Science UNIT 1: BIOLOGY REVISION Name ….…………………………………………………. There are three sections to the biology unit, listed in the tables below. Use the tables below to track your revision by ticking off completed work. B1: Cell structure and function Know that cell theory is a unifying concept stating that cells are a fundamental unit of structure, function and organisation in all living organisms. Understand the ultrastructure and function of organelles in the following cells: prokaryote cells (bacterial cell) – nucleoid, plasmids, 70S ribosomes, capsule, cell wall eukaryotic cells (plant and animal cells) – plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, 80S ribosomes, mitochondria, centriole eukaryotic cells (plant-cell specific) – cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole, tonoplast, amyloplasts, plasmodesmata, pits. Recognise cell organelles from electron micrographs and the use of light microscopes. Understand the similarities and differences between plant and animal cell structure and function. Understand how to distinguish between gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cell walls and why each type reacts differently to some antibiotics. Calculate magnification and size of cells and organelles from drawings or images. Revision Booklet Page Textbook Page 3 37 3-6 40-44 3-6 38 3-6 40-44 7 45 8-10 39 Tick B2: Cell specialisation Revision Booklet Page Textbook Page 11-12 46-48 11 46-48 sperm and egg cells in reproduction 11 46-48 root hair cells in plants 11 46-48 white blood cells 12 46-48 red blood cells 12 46-48 Understand cell specialisation in terms of structure and function, to include: palisade mesophyll cells in a leaf Tick PAGE 1 B3: Tissue structure and function Understand the structure and function of epithelial tissue, to include: squamous as illustrated by the role of alveolar epithelium in gas exchange to include the effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in smokers columnar as illustrated by goblet cells and ciliated cells in the lungs to include their role in protecting lungs from pathogens. Understand the structure and function of endothelial tissue, as illustrated by blood vessels in the cardiovascular system, including the risk factors that damage endothelial cells and affect the development of atherosclerosis. Understand the structure and function of muscular tissue, to include: the microscopic structure of a skeletal muscle fibre structural and physiological differences between fast- and slowtwitch muscle fibres and their relevance in sport. Understand the structure and function of nervous tissue, to include: non-myelinated and myelinated neurons the conduction of a nerve impulse (action potential) along an axon, including changes in membrane permeability to sodium and potassium ions and the role of the myelination in saltatory conduction interpretation of graphical displays of a nerve impulse and electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings synaptic structure and the role of nurotransmitters, including acetylcholine how imbalances in certain, naturally occurring brain chemicals can contribute to ill health, including dopamine in Parkinson’s disease and serotonin in depression the effects of drugs on synaptic transmission, including the use of L-Dopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease Revision Booklet Page Textbook Page 13 49 14 49 15 50 16-18 50-52 19 53-56 20 54 19 53-54 21 56 20 56 21 56 21 56 Tick PAGE 2 B1: Cell structure and function Animal cell structure and function 1.__________________________ 2.__________________________ 3. __________________________ 4. __________________________ 5. __________________________ 6. __________________________ 7. __________________________ 8. __________________________ 9. __________________________ 10. __________________________ 11. __________________________ 12. __________________________ 13. __________________________ 14. __________________________ 15. __________________________ 16. __________________________ PAGE 3 Animal Cell Structure Function Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus Vesicles Lysosomes Ribosomes Mitochondria Centrioles PAGE 4 Plant cell structure and function Draw a diagram of a plan cell and extend the labels to the correct feature. PAGE 5 Plant Cell Structure Function Cell wall Chloroplast Vacuole Tonoplast Amyloplast Plasmodesmata Pits PAGE 6 Classifying bacteria as Gram positive or Gram negative It is important that microbiologists can correctly identify bacteria that cause infections to enable them to decide the most effective treatment. Gram stain Hans Christian Gram, a Danish microbiologist, developed a staining technique to distinguish between two groups of bacteria: Gram positive Gram negative. Both types of bacteria have different cell wall structures and respond differently to antibiotics. Penicillin stops the synthesis of the cell wall on growing Gram-positive bacteria, but it does not have the same effect on Gram-negative bacteria. Gramnegative bacteria have a thinner cell wall and two lipid membranes. During the staining technique, two stains are added to the bacterial smear: crystal violet and safranin. If you see a purple stain when observing the smear under a microscope it shows that Gram-positive bacteria are present. If the smear has retained the pink safranin stain, this shows that Gram-negative bacteria are present. This is because their thinner cell walls and lipid membranes allow ethanol (applied during the method) to wash off all the crystal violet purple stain and to then retain the pink safranin stain. Use the table below to briefly outline the difference between each type of bacteria. Gram Positive Gram Negative PAGE 7 Cell Magnification _________ 5m Diagram showing the general structure Of an animal cell as seen under the electron microscope 1 Calculate the magnification factor 2 Calculate the length of structure G 3 Calculate the diameter of the nucleolus 4 Calculate the diameter of the nucleus 5 Calculate the diameter of the cell at its widest point PAGE 8 The diagram below shows a plant cell ___________ 40m Diagram showing the generalised structure of a plant cell as seen with an electron microscope 1 Calculate the magnification factor. 2 Calculate the thickness of the cellulose cell wall. 3 Calculate the length of the cell. 4 Calculate the length of structure C. 5 Calculate the length of the vacuole. PAGE 9 Show all calculations below: PAGE 10 B2: Cell specialisation Cell Function Specialisation Palisade mesophyll cells Root hair cell Sperm cell PAGE 11 Egg cell Red blood cell White blood cell PAGE 12 B3: Tissue structure and function A collection of differentiated cells that perform a specific function is called a tissue. There are four main tissue types in animals: 1) epithelium 2) muscle 3) connective 4) nervous 1) Epithelium: Epithelial tissues are found lining organs and surfaces. Epithelial tissues can be divided into different types: squamous epithelial tissue columnar epithelial tissue endothelium tissue Squamous epithelial tissue Location and function: Damage caused by smoking: PAGE 13 Columnar epithelial tissue Location and function: How the lungs are protected: PAGE 14 Endothelium epithelial tissue Location and function: How atherosclerosis can develop: PAGE 15 2) Muscle Tissue: There are three types of muscle tissue: Skeletal muscle is found attached to bones. You can control its contraction and relaxation, and it sometimes contracts in response to reflexes. 1 Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. It contracts at a steady rate to make the heartbeat. It is not under voluntary control. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach and bladder. It is also not under voluntary control. Skeletal muscle fibre Write an overview of the structure of skeletal muscle fibre: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… PAGE 16 Sarcomere What is a sarcomere? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What is its function and how does it work? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… PAGE 17 Fast and slow twitch muscle fibres Outline the difference between each in the table below. Slow twitch muscle fibres Fast twitch muscle fibres 3) Connective Tissue 1. Where are connective tissue found? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. What are the functions of connective tissue? …………………………………………….…………………………………………….…………………………………………….……………………… ……………………………………….…………………………………………….…………………………………………….………………… 3. Besides cells what other substances do connective tissues have? …………………………………………….…………………………………………….…………………………………………….……………………… ……………………………………….…………………………………………….…………………………………………….………………… 4. All connective tissues were derived from a common embryonic tissue. What is the name of the embryonic cells? ……………………………………………………………………… 5. How are connective tissue classified? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… PAGE 18 4) Nervous Tissue: Outline the steps involved in an action potential (nerve impulse) 1 2 3 •Action potentials arise from a change in the ion balance in the nerve cell which spreads rapidly from one end of the neuron to the other. •When a neuron is at rest, the inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside. •Na+ ions are outside the cell and K+ ions are inside, the resting potential is -70mV. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PAGE 19 What can affect the speed of an action potential in humans? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What are myelinated neurons and what do they do? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Synapses What happens at a synapse? Outline the key steps below: PAGE 20 What is happening at the different stages in the graph below, label the graph with your ideas. Outline how imbalances in certain, naturally occurring brain chemicals can contribute to ill health, including dopamine in Parkinson’s disease and serotonin in depression: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… PAGE 21