Download Unit 1 Biology Revision Workbook

BTEC Level 3 Applied Science
UNIT 1: BIOLOGY REVISION
Name ….………………………………………………….
There are three sections to the biology unit, listed in the tables below. Use the tables below to track
your revision by ticking off completed work.
B1: Cell structure and function
Know that cell theory is a unifying concept stating that cells are a
fundamental unit of structure, function and organisation in all living
organisms.
Understand the ultrastructure and function of organelles in the following
cells:
 prokaryote cells (bacterial cell) – nucleoid, plasmids, 70S ribosomes,
capsule, cell wall
 eukaryotic cells (plant and animal cells) – plasma membrane,
cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and
rough), Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, 80S ribosomes,
mitochondria, centriole
 eukaryotic cells (plant-cell specific) – cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole,
tonoplast, amyloplasts, plasmodesmata, pits.
Recognise cell organelles from electron micrographs and the use of light
microscopes.
Understand the similarities and differences between plant and animal cell
structure and function.
Understand how to distinguish between gram-positive and gram-negative
bacterial cell walls and why each type reacts differently to some antibiotics.
Calculate magnification and size of cells and organelles from drawings or
images.
Revision
Booklet
Page
Textbook
Page
3
37
3-6
40-44
3-6
38
3-6
40-44
7
45
8-10
39
Tick
B2: Cell specialisation
Revision
Booklet
Page
Textbook
Page
11-12
46-48
11
46-48
sperm and egg cells in reproduction
11
46-48
root hair cells in plants
11
46-48
white blood cells
12
46-48
red blood cells
12
46-48
Understand cell specialisation in terms of structure and function, to
include:
palisade mesophyll cells in a leaf
Tick
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B3: Tissue structure and function
Understand the structure and function of epithelial tissue, to include:
squamous as illustrated by the role of alveolar epithelium in gas exchange
to include the effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in
smokers
columnar as illustrated by goblet cells and ciliated cells in the lungs to
include their role in protecting lungs from pathogens.
Understand the structure and function of endothelial tissue, as illustrated
by blood vessels in the cardiovascular system, including the risk factors that
damage endothelial cells and affect the development of atherosclerosis.
Understand the structure and function of muscular tissue, to include:
 the microscopic structure of a skeletal muscle fibre
 structural and physiological differences between fast- and slowtwitch muscle fibres and their relevance in sport.
Understand the structure and function of nervous tissue, to include:
non-myelinated and myelinated neurons
the conduction of a nerve impulse (action potential) along an axon,
including changes in membrane permeability to sodium and potassium ions
and the role of the myelination in saltatory conduction
interpretation of graphical displays of a nerve impulse and
electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings
synaptic structure and the role of nurotransmitters, including acetylcholine
how imbalances in certain, naturally occurring brain chemicals can
contribute to ill health, including dopamine in Parkinson’s disease and
serotonin in depression
the effects of drugs on synaptic transmission, including the use of L-Dopa in
the treatment of Parkinson’s disease
Revision
Booklet
Page
Textbook
Page
13
49
14
49
15
50
16-18
50-52
19
53-56
20
54
19
53-54
21
56
20
56
21
56
21
56
Tick
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B1: Cell structure and function
Animal cell structure and function
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Animal Cell
Structure
Function
Plasma
membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Centrioles
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Plant cell structure and function
Draw a diagram of a plan cell and extend the labels to the correct feature.
PAGE 5
Plant Cell
Structure
Function
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Tonoplast
Amyloplast
Plasmodesmata
Pits
PAGE 6
Classifying bacteria as Gram positive or Gram negative
It is important that microbiologists can correctly identify bacteria that cause infections to enable them
to decide the most effective treatment.
Gram stain
Hans Christian Gram, a Danish microbiologist, developed a staining technique to distinguish between
two groups of bacteria:
 Gram positive
 Gram negative.
Both types of bacteria have different cell wall structures and respond differently to antibiotics. Penicillin
stops the synthesis of the cell wall on growing Gram-positive bacteria, but it does not have the same
effect on Gram-negative bacteria. Gramnegative bacteria have a thinner cell wall and two lipid
membranes.
During the staining technique, two stains are added to the bacterial smear: crystal violet and safranin. If
you see a purple stain when observing the smear under a microscope it shows that Gram-positive
bacteria are present. If the smear has retained the pink safranin stain, this shows that Gram-negative
bacteria are present. This is because their thinner cell walls and lipid membranes allow ethanol (applied
during the method) to wash off all the crystal violet purple stain and to then retain the pink safranin
stain.
Use the table below to briefly outline the difference between each type of bacteria.
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
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Cell Magnification
_________
5m
Diagram showing the general structure Of an animal cell as seen under the electron microscope
1 Calculate the magnification factor
2 Calculate the length of structure G
3 Calculate the diameter of the nucleolus
4 Calculate the diameter of the nucleus
5 Calculate the diameter of the cell at its widest point
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The diagram below shows a plant cell
___________
40m
Diagram showing the generalised structure of a plant cell as seen with an electron microscope
1 Calculate the magnification factor.
2 Calculate the thickness of the cellulose cell wall.
3 Calculate the length of the cell.
4 Calculate the length of structure C.
5 Calculate the length of the vacuole.
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Show all calculations below:
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B2: Cell specialisation
Cell
Function
Specialisation
Palisade mesophyll cells
Root hair cell
Sperm cell
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Egg cell
Red blood cell
White blood cell
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B3: Tissue structure and function
A collection of differentiated cells that perform a specific function is called a tissue.
There are four main tissue types in animals:
1) epithelium
2) muscle
3) connective
4) nervous
1) Epithelium: Epithelial tissues are found lining organs and surfaces. Epithelial tissues can be divided
into different types:
 squamous epithelial tissue
 columnar epithelial tissue
 endothelium tissue
Squamous epithelial tissue
Location and function:
Damage caused by smoking:
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Columnar epithelial tissue
Location and function:
How the lungs are protected:
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Endothelium epithelial tissue
Location and function:
How atherosclerosis can develop:
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2) Muscle Tissue: There are three types of muscle tissue:
 Skeletal muscle is found attached to bones. You can control its contraction and relaxation, and it
sometimes contracts in response to reflexes. 1
 Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. It contracts at a steady rate to make the heartbeat. It
is not under voluntary control.
 Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach and bladder. It is also
not under voluntary control.
Skeletal muscle fibre
Write an overview of the structure of skeletal muscle fibre:
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Sarcomere
What is a sarcomere?
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What is its function and how does it work?
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Fast and slow twitch muscle fibres
Outline the difference between each in the table below.
Slow twitch muscle fibres
Fast twitch muscle fibres
3) Connective Tissue
1. Where are connective tissue found? ………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What are the functions of connective tissue?
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3. Besides cells what other substances do connective tissues have?
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4. All connective tissues were derived from a common embryonic tissue. What is the name of the
embryonic cells? ………………………………………………………………………
5. How are connective tissue classified?
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4) Nervous Tissue:
Outline the steps involved in an action potential (nerve impulse)
1
2
3
•Action potentials arise from a change in the ion balance in the nerve cell which spreads rapidly from one
end of the neuron to the other.
•When a neuron is at rest, the inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside.
•Na+ ions are outside the cell and K+ ions are inside, the resting potential is -70mV.
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What can affect the speed of an action potential in humans?
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What are myelinated neurons and what do they do?
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Synapses
What happens at a synapse? Outline the key steps
below:
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What is happening at the different stages in the graph below, label the graph with your ideas.
Outline how imbalances in certain, naturally occurring brain chemicals can contribute to ill health,
including dopamine in Parkinson’s disease and serotonin in depression:
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