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GENE MUTATIONS MUTATIONS Any mistake or change in the DNA sequence POINT (MISSENSE) MUTATIONS A change in a single base pair in DNA Example: a single letter changed; the whole meaning of the sentence changed THE DOG BIT THE CAT. THE DOG BIT THE CAR. FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS A single base is added or deleted from DNA The mRNA strand would be out of position by one base and every codon after that base would be different. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS Parts of chromosomes broken off or lost during mitosis or meiosis Break and rejoin incorrectly EFFECTS OF CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS Occur mostly in plants Gametes that should have a complete set of genes may end up with extra copies of some genes or completely lack others Few chromosome mutations are passed on to the next generation because they zygote usually dies Deletions, insertions, inversions, and translocations ERRORS IN DISJUNCTION Nondisjunction= the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis one gamete has an extra chromosome and the other is missing a chromosome Trisomy= when a gamete with an extra chromosome is fertilized by a normal gamete, the zygote will have an extra chromosome 47 chromosomes= Down syndrome Triploidy- a total lack of separation of homologous chromosomes; a gamete inherits a complete set of chromosomes; offspring have three sets of chromsomes and are triploid Happens sterile often in plants—tend to be larger and are Monosomy- zygote lacks a chromosome human females with a single X chromosome (Turner Syndrome) CAUSES OF MUTATIONS Generally random events “spontaneous mutations” Many environmental agents cause mutation Exposure to x-rays, ultraviolet light, radioactive substances, or certain chemicals Often result in sterility or lack of normal development; birth defects If they occur in body cells, they can cause cancer