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DNA: The Chemical Nature of the Gene Chapter 10 Chapter 10: Lecture Outline Historical perspective DNA structure RNA structure Early historical perspective We enter the 20th century with an understanding of the DNA building block. Some Experimental Data leading to DNA as biological source of DNA • Griffith’s • Avery et al. • Hershey and Chase • Chargaff • Wilkins and Franklin • Watson and Crick Streptococcus pneumonia Rough Strain Smooth Strain Griffith’s Experiment: 1928 Conclusion: A Transformation “factor” exists 1944: Avery;MacLeod;McMarty • Discovered tranforming principle as DNA Oswald Avery Avery, MacLeod & McCarty IIIS virulent bacteria Heat killed; homogenize and filter Destroy either RNA; protein or DNA Add samples to non-virulent bacteria Only bacteria without IIIS DNA did not transform August 20, 2003 Martha Chase dies: With Alfred D. Hershey, she established DNA as the genetic material | By Milly Dawson 1908 — 1997 1930-2003 Hershey and Chase Experiment, 1952: Confirms DNA as genetic material Support for nucleic acid transfer Conclusion: DNA identified as source of genetic information At the same time amore detailed chemical Structure of DNA was also ongoing… 1920-1958 Franklin and Wilkins 1947 1916-2004 Chargaff’s Rule 1948 1905-2002 1905-2002 Watson and Crick, 1953 inferred the DNA structure Nobel Prize: 1962 1916-2004 1928- 1916-2004 Fraenkel-Conrat 1956: RNA also carries genetic information VIRAL RNA Tobacco Mosaic Virus The Structure of Genetic Material The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides. RNA’s Sugar DNA’s Sugar Nitrogenous Bases DNA nucleotides Polarity and Anti-Parallel Back to Franklin and Wilkins Data: Pairing of specific classes of bases can account for diameter of DNA 6 sided ring 6 sided ring + 5 sided ring Just right! Most Common Secondary Structure (3D structure) • B-DNA • Alpha Helix • Right Handed Turn • 10 bases per 360º turn A function of Major and Minor Grooves DNA Special structures Modifications ’ Integration of DNA and RNA Information Transfer Central Dogma