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Once DNA is replicated, the cell now needs to make proteins. How does DNA’s message travel OUT of the nucleus and INTO THE CELL, where the message gets expressed as a protein??? This is known as… About RNA… • RNA = Ribose Nucleic Acid • Similar to DNA, but… • Smaller & single stranded • Sugar = “Ribose” NOT “Deoxyribose” • 1 nitrogen base is different, Uracil; there is NO THYMINE in RNA • Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine • Do you remember the base paring rules??? DNA to RNA Practice DRAW ME DNA to RNA Practice DRAW ME Types of RNA used during Protein Synthesis 1. mRNA = Messenger RNA 2. rRNA = Ribosomal RNA 3. tRNA = Transfer RNA What is “Protein Synthesis” ? • Protein synthesis is the process of making a protein from DNA. • There are 2 parts used during protein synthesis: 1. Transcription 2. Translation Transcription • The synthesis of mRNA from a DNA blueprint • A new strand is “written” from the DNA strand • Occurs in the NUCLEUS, then the mRNA travels OUT of the nucleus Translation 1. The information in the mRNA is translated by a ribosome (made of rRNA) who “reads” it. 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) enters the ribosome to drop off an amino acid 3. A chain of amino acids then exits the ribosome and folds into a protein Protein Synthesis Animation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgGVk9NExxw &feature=related • Transcription and protein assembly Protein Synthesis Animation • https://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/rna/ • Transcription and protein assembly Create a “T” chart One side, write DNA, the other write RNA Class review! Summary of Protein Synthesis 1. DNA opens 2. Free floating bases connect to the exposed DNA bases making mRNA (Transcription) 3. mRNA travels OUT of the NUCLEUS and into the CYTOPLASM 4. Ribosome (rRNA) “reads” the mRNA and a tRNA drops off an amino acid 5. The amino acid chain exits the ribosome and folds up into a protein Codon VS Anticodon • CODON: 3 nucleotides in mRNA. Each codon will code for a single amino acid • ANTICODON: 3 nucleotides in tRNA that pair to a codon Codon VS Anticodon Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6O6uRb1D38 What are amino acids? • Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins • A chain of amino acids are needed to create a protein What happens to the chain? • Individual amino acids bind together • Folds up • Becomes a protein What is a Protein? • Proteins are made of 20 different amino acids • The sequence (pattern) of amino acids will vary between each protein • The sequence of an amino acid will tell its shape, how to fold and its function (job) Codon chart practice! • DNA: • mRNA: • rRNA: • tRNA: A- T- T- G- C- A- G- A- T- G- C- A Using the Codon Chart, find the amino acid of tRNA’s anticodon • Amino Acid: ___________, ____________, __________ & ___________ The genetic code is used to determine the amino acid