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Organic Molecules Notes
1. What are Carbohydrates?
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One of the three main classes of food and a source of energy.
Carbohydrates are the sugars and starches found in breads, cereals,
fruits, and vegetables, which, during digestion, are changed into a simple
sugar called glucose. Glucose is stored in the liver until cells need it for
energy.
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Biochemical name for sugar containing molecules including single sugar
(monosaccharides) like glucose and galactose, but also polysaccharides
(complex carbohydrates) like starch (poly-glucose), cellulose (plant fiber
material, also poly-glucose with a different chemical bond structure linking
glucose units than those found in starch/glycogen and enzymatically
indigestible by humans), chitin (hard shells of insects)
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They produce energy.
Sugars and starches found in many foods
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A group of organic compounds, including sugars, starches and fiber, that
is a major source of energy for animals.
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Energy producing compound that makes up about half of our food intake.
Bread, cereals, rice and most vegetables and fruits are carbohydrates.
2. What are Lipids?
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Any of a group of fats and fatlike compounds, including sterols, fatty acids,
and many other substances.
They store energy.
Any of various substances that with proteins and carbohydrates constitute
the principal structural components of living cells, and that include fats and
waxes and related and derived compounds.
The main type of fat found in the body.
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3. What is a Protein?
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The basic chemicals that make up the structure of cells and direct their
activities.
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The active molecules in all cells. Proteins control biochemical reactions
and determine the physical structure of organisms.
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Complex nitrogenous organic compounds of high molecular weight made
of amino acids; essential for growth and repair of animal tissue. Many, but
not all, proteins are enzymes.
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Biological compounds, essential for all life processes. The information
needed to make proteins is encoded in genes.
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A group of complex organic macromolecules that are the basic building
blocks of all living cells and are therefore essential in the diet of animals
for the growth and repair of tissue.
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Linear sequences of amino acids that are the building blocks of cells.
Each protein has a specific function that is determined by the "blueprint"
stored in DNA.
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Highly complex organic compounds found in all living cells. Protein is the
most abundant class of all biological molecules, comprising about 50
percent of cellular dry weight. Structurally, proteins are large molecules
composed of one or more chains of varying amounts of the same 22
amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds. Each protein is
characterized by a unique and invariant amino acid sequence.
4. What is an Amino Acid?
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The building blocks of proteins.
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Nitrogen-containing compounds. There are 20 different amino acids
from which every protein in the body is made up of. There are nine
so-called essential amino acids that are not manufactured by the
body and must come from the diet.
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Small organic molecules, which are the building blocks of peptides
and proteins.
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Act as building blocks in the development of the embryo & fetus.
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A deficiency of amino acids may adversely affect hair growth.
There are twenty common amino acids: alanine, arginine,
aspargine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine,
glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and
valine.
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The organic molecules. Proteins are composed of different
combinations of amino acids assembled in chain-like molecules.
Amino acids are primarily composed of carbon, oxygen, and
hydrogen.
A class of organic compounds that are building blocks from which
protein is constructed.
Commonly occur in the food supply and eight of these are
considered essential for humans because they cannot be produced
in our systems. Soybeans contain some level of each of these eight
essential amino acids.
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5. What are Nucleic Acids?
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which are primarily responsible for transmitting characteristics through
generations of living organisms show also characteristic symmetry
breakings. Nucleic acids are macromolecules, which are formed by linear
polymerization of certain units (nucleotides). According to the double helix
model of JD Watson and FC Crick, the DNA molecule consists of two
strands of DNA, which are intertwined, in a regular double helix around a
common axis. The two strands are parallel, but in opposite directions.
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The building blocks of genetic material.
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Long chains of molecules known as nucleotides, that perform important
functions in the cell; two kinds of nucleic acids function in the cell, the DNA
and RNA.
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Long thread-like
molecules made up of large numbers of nucleotides. Nucleotides are
composed of a nitrogen containing base, a 5-carbon sugar, and one or
more phosphate groups. The sequence of bases in DNA or RNA
represents the genetic (hereditary) information of a living cell.
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Substances found in every living organism that provide the instructions for
development; includes DNA and RNA.
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What is the DNA?
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The material inside the nucleus of cells that carries genetic information.
The scientific name for DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid.
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The double-stranded, helical molecular chain found within the nucleus
of each cell. DNA carries the genetic information that encodes proteins
and enables cell to reproduce and perform their functions.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid. The molecule that encodes genetic
information in the nucleus of cells. It determines the structure, function,
and behavior of the cell.
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The genetic material of living organisms; the substance of heredity. It is
a large, double-stranded, helical molecule that contains genetic
instructions for growth, development, and replication. The rungs of this
double helix are made of base pairs.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid; the chemical inside the nucleus of a cell that
carries the genetic instructions for making living organisms.
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The molecule that encodes genetic information. DNA is a doublestranded helix held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides.
See base, base pair, and double helix.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid: The DNA consists of two strands of linked
nucleotides with one of the four bases adenine (A), thymine (T),
guanine (G) and cytosine (C).
What is the RNA?
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A chemical similar to DNA from which proteins are made. Unlike DNA,
RNA can leave the nucleus of the cell.
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Ribonucleic acid.
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A chemical found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells; it plays an
important role in protein synthesis and other chemical activities of the
cell.
The structure of RNA is similar to that of DNA. There are several
classes of RNA molecules, including messenger RNA, transfer RNA,
ribosomal RNA, and other small RNAs, each serving a different
purpose.
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RNA is the generic term for polynucleotides, similar to DNA but
containing ribose in place of deoxyribose and uracil in place of
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thymine. These molecules are involved in the transfer of information
from DNA, programming protein synthesis and maintaining ribosome
structure. The 4 main types of RNA are heterogeneous nuclear RNA
(hRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal
RNA (rRNA).
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A chemical found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells; it plays an
important role in protein synthesis and other chemical activities of the
cells from which all blood cells develop.
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A nucleic acid, found mostly in the cytoplasm-rather than the nucleusof cells. RNA, like the structurally similar DNA, is a chain made up of
subunits called nucleotides. RNA plays several roles in determining the
synthesis of proteins. Messenger RNA replicates the DNA code for a
protein and moves to sites in the cell called ribosomes. There, the
much shorter transfer RNA (tRNA) assembles amino acids to form the
protein specified by the messenger RNA.