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Biomedical applications Points of interests • • • • Molecular self-assembly and bio-interfaces Bio-electronics (sensors) and bio-chips Drug delivery system (DDS) Synthesis, engineer and manipulate bio-materials Basic units: Lipid, protein, and DNA Other bio-compatible materials Keys: Synthesis, understanding and engineering the basic bio building blocks, … Nanorobots How human body acts ? How to circumvent traditional ways to treat diseases more effectively ? Biomolecular machines Nanobricks A lipid bilayer a brick for complex structures Self-assembled molecular template for an artificial bone, composed by single chained lipids Cell membranes Basic structures The cell membrane consists of a bilayer of lipids and various membrane proteins Ion channels Ion channels are basically hollow tubes through which ions can taverse the insulating lipid membrane Cell membrane - mimics Ion channel swiches • Structure: the lipid bilayer (4 nm) tethered onto a gold electrode • Gramincidin ion channels are incorporated into the lipid bilayer • If an analyte molecule (e.g., hormone), two receptors are misaligned, therefore it stops the flow of ions through the ion channel Drug delivery system (DDS) To deliver the drugs to the necessary place, and thereafter to release the drugs gradually in a controlled way, while avoiding unnecessary damage to the human body during the medicine transport. Vesicle, made by a lipid bilaye Drugs Inclusion Transfer to the human body Vesicle Nanomedicine To get a perspective of the scale used in nanotechnology, the size of selected nanotechnology materials is estimated to be as follows: Nanoparticles 1 – 100 nm Fullerene (C60) 1 nm Quantum Dot (CdSe) 8 nm Dendrimer 10 nm In comparison, representative structures and materials found in nature are typically referenced to have the following dimensions: Atom 0.1 nm DNA (width) 2 nm Protein 5 – 50 nm Virus 75 – 100 nm Materials internalized by cells < 100 nm Bacteria 1,000 – 10,000 nm White Blood Cell 10,000 nm The size domains of components involved with nanotechnology are similar to that of biological structures. For example, a quantum dot is about the same size as a small protein (<10nm) and drugcarrying nanostructures are the same size as some viruses (<100 nm). Nanomedicine Taxonomy Biopharmaceutics Drug Delivery • Drug Encapsulation • Functional Drug Carriers Drug Discovery Implantable Materials Tissue Repair and Replacement • Implant Coatings • Tissue Regeneration Scaffolds Structural Implant Materials • Bone Repair • Bioresorbable Materials • Smart Materials Surgical Aids Operating Tools • Smart Instruments • Surgical Robots Implantable Devices Assessment and Treatment Devices • Implantable Sensors • Implantable Medical Devices Sensory Aids • Retina Implants • Cochlear Implants Diagnostic Tools Genetic Testing • Ultra-sensitive Labeling and Detection Technologies • High Throughput Arrays and Multiple Analyses Imaging • Nanoparticle Labels • Imaging Devices _ Understanding Basic Life Processes Läkemedel är klart på nanoskalan Viktiga parametrar: Terapeutisk effektivitet Biotillgänglighet Durationstid Rätt verksam koncentration Biverkningar Nonpolar coating för bättre cellmembran penetrering: Kolesterol eller liposom strukturer Nanomagnetiska ämnen för lokalbiotillgänglighet: ex Strålbehandling av Cancer Polymer Micelles • Core-shell-type assemblies constructed of amphiphilic polymers – Hydrophobic core (e.g. aliphatic polyesters) – Hydrophilic corona (e.g. PEG) • Stable in aqueous solution • Hydrophobic core provides a natural carrier environment for hydrophobic drugs Examples of Amphiphlic Polymers DNA: applications DNA as clever glue • Using the self assembly techniques to coal gold nanoparticles with DNA strands • These DNA nano-particles bind together when an anthrax protective antigen appears • Detected as the DNA luminescence changes color fromred to blue. Manipulating DNA Since C60 molecules are biocompatible. It is possible to use fullerene like carbon to link two or n DNAs Bio-chips DNA diagnostic diagnostic chip • In DNA A & T and G & G are arranged in a complementary order • It can then be used to diagnostic various unknown DNAs Complementary DNA base geometry Single bond DNA coated on Si or glass Only complementary DNA form double bonds. Thus detected by PL Read luminescent patterns todetermine the unknown DNA Magnetic protein: metallothionein (MT) 1. MT is a Zn/Cd binding protein and its metal-sulfur clusters are in “Zinc blend structure”. 2. Mn/Cd can be substituted for Zn/Cd via unfolding and refolding processes.