Download Biomedical applications

Biomedical applications
Points of interests
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Molecular self-assembly and bio-interfaces
Bio-electronics (sensors) and bio-chips
Drug delivery system (DDS)
Synthesis, engineer and manipulate bio-materials
Basic units: Lipid, protein, and DNA
Other bio-compatible materials
Keys: Synthesis, understanding and engineering the
basic bio building blocks, …
Nanorobots
How human body acts ?
How to circumvent traditional ways to treat diseases more
effectively ?
Biomolecular machines
Nanobricks
A lipid bilayer a brick for
complex structures
Self-assembled molecular template
for an artificial bone, composed by
single chained lipids
Cell membranes
Basic structures
The cell membrane consists of a
bilayer of lipids and various
membrane proteins
Ion channels
Ion channels are basically
hollow tubes through which
ions can taverse the insulating
lipid membrane
Cell membrane - mimics
Ion channel swiches
• Structure: the lipid bilayer (4
nm) tethered onto a gold
electrode
• Gramincidin ion channels are
incorporated into the lipid
bilayer
• If an analyte molecule (e.g.,
hormone), two receptors are
misaligned, therefore it stops
the flow of ions through the ion
channel
Drug delivery system (DDS)
To deliver the drugs to the
necessary place, and thereafter to
release the drugs gradually in a
controlled way, while avoiding
unnecessary damage to the human
body during the medicine
transport.
Vesicle, made by a lipid bilaye
Drugs
Inclusion
Transfer to the human body
Vesicle
Nanomedicine
To get a perspective of the scale used in nanotechnology, the size of selected
nanotechnology materials is estimated to be as follows:
Nanoparticles 1 – 100 nm
Fullerene (C60) 1 nm
Quantum Dot (CdSe) 8 nm
Dendrimer 10 nm
In comparison, representative structures and materials found in nature are typically
referenced to have the following dimensions:
Atom 0.1 nm
DNA (width) 2 nm
Protein 5 – 50 nm
Virus 75 – 100 nm
Materials internalized by cells < 100 nm
Bacteria 1,000 – 10,000 nm
White Blood Cell 10,000 nm
The size domains of components involved with nanotechnology are similar to that of
biological structures.
For example, a quantum dot is about the same size as a small protein (<10nm) and drugcarrying nanostructures are the same size as some viruses (<100 nm).
Nanomedicine Taxonomy
Biopharmaceutics
Drug Delivery
• Drug Encapsulation
• Functional Drug Carriers
Drug Discovery
Implantable Materials
Tissue Repair and Replacement
• Implant Coatings
• Tissue Regeneration Scaffolds
Structural Implant Materials
• Bone Repair
• Bioresorbable Materials
• Smart Materials
Surgical Aids
Operating Tools
• Smart Instruments
• Surgical Robots
Implantable Devices
Assessment and Treatment Devices
• Implantable Sensors
• Implantable Medical Devices
Sensory Aids
• Retina Implants
• Cochlear Implants
Diagnostic Tools
Genetic Testing
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Ultra-sensitive Labeling
and
Detection Technologies
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High Throughput Arrays
and
Multiple Analyses
Imaging
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Nanoparticle Labels
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Imaging Devices
_ Understanding Basic Life Processes
Läkemedel är klart på nanoskalan
Viktiga parametrar:
Terapeutisk effektivitet
Biotillgänglighet
Durationstid
Rätt verksam koncentration
Biverkningar
Nonpolar coating för bättre cellmembran penetrering: Kolesterol
eller liposom strukturer
Nanomagnetiska ämnen för lokalbiotillgänglighet: ex
Strålbehandling av Cancer
Polymer Micelles
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Core-shell-type
assemblies constructed of
amphiphilic polymers
– Hydrophobic core (e.g.
aliphatic polyesters)
–
Hydrophilic corona
(e.g. PEG)
• Stable in aqueous solution
• Hydrophobic core provides a
natural carrier environment
for hydrophobic drugs
Examples of Amphiphlic Polymers
DNA: applications
DNA as clever glue
• Using the self assembly
techniques to coal gold
nanoparticles with DNA strands
• These DNA nano-particles bind
together when an anthrax
protective antigen appears
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Detected as the DNA
luminescence changes color
fromred to blue.
Manipulating DNA
Since C60 molecules are biocompatible.
It is possible to use fullerene like
carbon to link two or n DNAs
Bio-chips
DNA diagnostic diagnostic chip
• In DNA A & T and G & G are
arranged in a complementary
order
• It can then be used to
diagnostic various unknown
DNAs
Complementary DNA base
geometry
Single bond DNA coated
on Si or glass
Only complementary DNA form
double bonds. Thus detected by
PL
Read luminescent patterns
todetermine the unknown DNA
Magnetic protein: metallothionein (MT)
1. MT is a Zn/Cd binding protein and its metal-sulfur clusters are in
“Zinc blend structure”.
2. Mn/Cd can be substituted for Zn/Cd via unfolding and refolding
processes.