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Emerging Technologies and a Sustainable, Healthy, Just World Will our Genetically Modified Grandchildren Use Nanotech Nets to Harvest Cloned Fish on a Geo-engineered Planet? Human Biotech, Nanotech, Synthetic Biology and More Friday, Oct. 23 (here and now!) An Introduction to the Challenges & Opportunities Friday, Nov 6: (10 am PT/1 pm ET) Policy, Politics, What Funders Can Do Marcy Darnovsky, PhD Associate Executive Director 3 CONVERGING TECHNOLOGIES GENETIC MANIPULATION NANOTECH REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY NEURO INFO-TECH SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 4 CONVERGING TECHNOLOGIES NBIC – Nano, Bio, Info, Cogno GRINN – Genetic, Robotic, Info, Nano, Neuro BANG – Bits, Atoms, Neurons, Genes What’s at stake? • • Remaking the world Remaking humanity 5 Environmentalism and Emerging Technologies: Connecting the Dots • Questioning technological manipulation of the natural world: plants, animals, ecosystems & humans. • Precaution in the face of powerful new technologies. • Democratic governance and responsible regulation of innovations that can radically alter the natural and social world. 6 Appropriate Human Biotechnologies 7 Appropriate Human Biotech [but handle with care…] 8 Human Biotechnologies of Concern Human Biotechnologies: On the Shelf • • • • • • • Cloning pets and endangered species Direct-to-consumer gene tests Sex selection Bio-prospecting, biopiracy, body shopping Race-specific drugs Gene patents on 20% of human genome Eggs for sale, wombs for rent 10 11 12 13 14 15 Human Biotechnologies: In the Labs • “Genes for” shyness, ruthlessness, laziness, political views, etc. etc. etc. • Gene doping • Genetically “enhanced” animals • Clone extinct species • Select traits of future children • Artificial wombs and gametes 16 17 18 19 Human Biotechnologies: On the Horizon? • Human clones? • Brain implants? Transhumans? Post-humans? • Radical life extension? Immortality? • Consumer eugenics? • Designer babies using gene transfer, assisted reproduction, cloning, synthetic biology? 20 21 22 “…The economy, the media, the entertainment industry, and the knowledge industry [will be] controlled by members of the GenRich class…Naturals [will] work as low-paid service providers or as laborers… …entirely separate species with no ability to cross-breed, and with as much romantic interest in each other as a current human would have for a chimpanzee.” 23 “What if we could liberate ourselves from the tyranny of evolution by being able to design our own offspring?” He stopped long enough for me to digest the fact that he was talking about building our own children. 24 25 David H. Guston Professor of Political Science Co-Director, Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes Director, Center for Nanotechnology in Society Arizona State University 26 Nanotechnologies Metrology & Nanoprocesses In US: NNI since FY 01: ~ $12 B NNI FY 10 request: ~ 1.6B EH&S since FY 05: ~ $351 M (including FY 10 request) “the next industrial revolution” Nanostructure Chemistry & Materials Nanodevices & Nanoelectronics Nanomedicine & Nanobiotechnology 27 Nanotechnologies: On the Shelf Woodrow Wilson International Center Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies Consumer Products Inventory • > 1000 products in commerce (+~25-30%/yr) • ~ 10% “food and beverage” • ~ 15% “home and garden” • ~ 60% “health and fitness” • “personal care” • “clothing” • “cosmetics” • “sporting goods” • > 50% US in origin • Nano-silver is most frequently mentioned material SOURCE: http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/analysis_draft/ 28 Nanotechnologies: In the Lab Huge Variety of Developments • “Beetle Borgs” (SOURCE: Discover 4.30.09) • UC Berkeley, funded by DARPA • Molecular Motors and DNA (SOURCE: Technology Review 8.11.09) • Harvard/Tech U. Munich • “Nano Rust” (SOURCE: Rice/CBEN 5.27.09) • Rice U., funded by NSF • Nano Photovoltaics (SOURCE: Inside Engineer 1.22.08) • GE Global • Carbon Nanotubes in sheet form (SOURCE: Nanocomp Technologies 2.18.08) • Private firm Nanotechnologies: On the Horizon? • Nano Roadmap (SOURCE: M. Roco, ubiquitous) • What emerging functions? • Scenarios: Brain-Machine Interface (SOURCE: CNS-ASU NanoFutures http://cns.asu.edu/nanofutures/) • Who/what are we? • Abundant, cheap, clean energy • Solutions, or not attacking root problems? • Leave only footprints, but how many? • Space elevator (SOURCE: American Scientist 9-10.97) • Off this rock, or grabbing more resources? 30 Nanotechnologies Mini-Case: Cleanliness and Climate • Self-cleaning Glass – E.g., St. Pancras International Station, UK – Hydrophilic surface means more even run-off – 25 nm coating of TiO2 uses photocatalysis to break down organic dirt/debris – BUT: Organic debris + Sunlight = CO2 !?! SOURCE: http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/content/interviews/interview/1046/ 31 Nanotechnologies Mini-Case: Whither Benny the Bear? • Nano Silver – Used in array of consumer products • Dressings/medical applications • Benny the Bear • Clothing – But where does it go? Synthetic Biology DNA is code: Craig Venter (JVCI) “boots up” new organisms. Cellular structures are interchangeable parts: Drew Endy (Stanford) registers standardized ones. Exploring biological space: “The number of theoretical possibilities for synthetic assembly…far exceeds the narrow space sampled in [4 billion years of] evolutionary time.” – George Poste, FRS, former CS&TO, SmithKline Beecham and chair, DOD Task Force on Synthetic Biology 33 Synthetic Biology: On the Shelf • Synthetic Polio Virus (Stony Brook, 2002) • IASB/SynBio 4.0 • Global Market (BCC Research): – ~$234M in 2008 – $2.4B in 2013 • Registry of Standard Biological Parts – “~3200 genetic parts that can be mixed and matched to build synthetic biology devices and systems” 34 Synthetic Biology: In the Lab • Cloning DNA from Frozen Mouse (SOURCE: New Scientist, 11.3.08) • Daughterless Carp Project (SOURCE: CSIRO, 2007) • Artemisinin Project • Minimal Genome, B. subtilis (271 genes) • Fully synthetic bacterial genome (M. genitalium) • Synthetic life form by end of the year!? 35 Synthetic Biology: On the Horizon? • • • • Cloning Extinct Species (SOURCE: CNN 11.18.08) – Good biodiversity or bad? Engineered Plagues for Invasive Species (e.g., Stewart Brand, Conservation, 2006) – Integrated pest management, or plague? “Sugar Economy” (SOURCE: ETC Group, 10.9.08) – Biosustainability or neocolonialism? Earth Engineering and Carbon Sequestration (SOURCE: New Scientist 7.25.09) – Saving the climate or messing with Mother Nature? 36 Synthetic Biology Mini-Case: DIY Bio and Bio-Hacking • Applied Biosystems 373 DNA Sequencer – Brandeis U. – Ebay, $700-2000 • Applied Biosystems 392 DNA/RNA Synthesizer – University of Leeds – Ebay, $2750 + S&H • Polio virus (redux) – Protocol found on internet – Sequences by mail order • International Genetically Engineered Machine Contest (http://2009.igem.org/Main_Page) – – – – Use RSBP to design novel organisms 5 teams in 04 to 110 in 09 Slovenia, 2006! Evolving attention to security and safety Second Session Friday 6 November 10 am PT / 1 pm ET Biotech, Nanotech, Synthetic Biology and More: Policy, Politics, and What Funders Can Do We are not too late to shape how these technologies will emerge. 38 Discussion… 39