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Transcript
Structures and Functions of Living Things (Cells and Human Body) 1. cell – the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 2. microscope – an instrument that makes small objects look larger 3. cell theory- a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things 4. organelle – a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell 5. cell wall – a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and come other organisms. 6. cell membrane – a cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell 7. cytoplasm – the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus; in organisms without a nucleus, the region located inside the cell membrane. 8. nucleus – a cell structure that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct all the cell’s activities. 9. chromatin – material in cells that contains DNA and carries genetic information 10. nucleolus – can be found floating in the nucleus. This is where ribosomes are made. 11. mitochondria- rod-shaped cell structures that produce most of the energy needed to carry out the cell’s functions. 12. endoplasmic reticulum – a cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. 13. ribosomes – a small grain-like structure in the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made. 14. golgi bodies – a structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell. 15. chloroplasts – a structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food. 16. vacuoles – a water-filled save inside a cell that acts as a storage area. 17. lysosomes – A small round cell structure that contains chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones. 18. bacteria – a cell that is usually smaller than a plant or animal cell and does not contain a nucleus. The only other organelles it shares with plants and animals are a cell wall, cell membrane and ribosomes. 19. prokaryote – an organism without a nucleus such as bacteria 20. eukaryote - an organism whose cells DO have a nucleus and other organelles 21. nutrient – substances in food that provide energy for an organism to carry out essential processes 22. amoeba – single celled organism with no fixed shape 23. euglena – single celled organism that can both make its own food like a plant – or consume it 24. volvox – a single celled organism that is a type of algae 25. paramecium – single celled organism found in freshwater, brackish and marine environments 26. cilia – hair-like organelles that provide movement or move fluids and particles along ducts in multicellular forms. 27. pseudopod – part of a cell’s cytoplasm that allows for movement or food gathering. A “false foot” 28. contractile vacuole –an organelle that pumps excess water out of a cell 29. food vacuole – an organelle where food is digested 30. eye spot - a small, light-sensitive patch of pigment in certain algae and unicellular organisms 31. flagella – a long whip-like structure that acts like a little motor for movement 32. chlorophyll – the green pigment found inside a chloroplast. 33. photosynthesis –the process by which a green plant turns water and carbon dioxide into food when the plant is exposed to light. 34. autotroph - an organism that creates its own food through photosynthesis 35. heterotroph – an organism that cannot produce its own food and must eat other organisms to survive. 36. tissue – a group of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism 37. organ – a structure that is composed of different kinds of tissue 38. organ system – a group of organs that work together to perform a major function in the body 39. muscle tissue – a body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move 40. nervous tissue – a body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body 41. connective tissue – a body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts 42. epithelial tissue – a body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out 43. homeostasis – the process by which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment. 44. stress – the reaction of a person’s body to potentially threatening, challenging or disturbing events. 45. skeleton – the inner framework made of all the bones of the body 46. vertebrae – the bones that make up the backbone of an animal 47. joint – a place in the body where two bones come together 48. ligaments – strong connective tissue that holds bones together in movable joints 49. cartilage – a connective tissue that is more flexible than none and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together 50. compact bone – hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone 51. spongy bone – layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone 52. marrow – the soft connective tissue that fills the internal spaces in bone. 53. involuntary muscles – a muscle that is not under conscious control 54. voluntary muscles – a muscle that is under conscious control 55. skeletal muscle – a muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones 56. tendon – strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone 57. striated muscle – a muscle that appears banded; also called skeletal muscle 58. smooth muscle – involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body 59. cardiac muscle – muscle tissue found only in the heart 60. digestion – the process by which the body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules 61. absorption – the process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system 62. saliva – the fluid released when the mouth waters that plays an important role in both mechanical and chemical digestion 63. enzymes – a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body 64. epiglottis – a flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering 65. esophagus – a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach 66. mucus – a thick, slippery substance produced by the body 67. stomach – a J-shaped muscular pouch located in the abdomen 68. small intestine – the part of the digestive system in which most chemical digestion takes place 69. liver – the largest organ in the body; it plays a role in many body processes 70. gallbladder – the organ that stores bile after it is produced by the liver 71. pancreas – a triangular organ that lies between the stomach and first part of the small intestine 72. large intestine – the last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed into the bloodstream and the remaining material is eliminated from the body 73. rectum – the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated 74. anus – a muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body