* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Human Genome
Promoter (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
DNA barcoding wikipedia , lookup
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
DNA sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Maurice Wilkins wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Transformation (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Restriction enzyme wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Agarose gel electrophoresis wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
14.3 Page 403 Scientists can read the base sequence in DNA from any cell by using tools that cut, separate, and replicate DNA base by base. DNA molecules are too large to be analyzed, so they have to be cut into smaller pieces. Bacteria produce enzymes that do this Restriction enzymes: highly specific substances that cut even the largest DNA molecule into smaller pieces. These smaller pieces are called restriction fragments. There are hundreds of known restriction enzymes; each cuts DNA at a different spot. Used once DNA has been cut Gel electrophoresis: technique used to separate & analyze the fragments Mixture of DNA is placed in wells on a slice of gelatin Electric voltage applied Electricity moves fragments across the gel Short fragments move faster (1-2 hours) Fragments are separated They appear as a band on the gel Reading = sequencing DNA Single-stranded DNA fragments are placed in a test tube with DNA polymerase (enzyme that copies DNA) along with the four bases A, T, C, G. Unknown strand is used as a template for the new complementary strand Each time a dye colored nucleotide is added, DNA replication stops Results in color coded DNA fragments of different lengths When gel electrophoresis is used to separate the fragments, we can “read” the DNA sequence directly from the gel A 13-year international effort with the main goals of sequencing all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and identifying all human genes.