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Overview of Respiration C6H1206 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O • Organisms use stored energy in glucose • 36 ATP per molecule of glucose is made • 3 Parts: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron transport – Glycolysis is anaerobic – does not require oxygen – Aerobic – requires oxygen • Electron transport & Krebs cycle Mitochondria Glycolysis • Glucose is broken down & converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate – 4 molecules of ATP are produced but 2 are used • 2 ATP and 2 NADPH are formed per each glucose molecule broken down – 4 molecules are produced but 2 are used Krebs Cycle • Glycolysis nets 2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate • Energy is still contained in pyruvate – Transported into mitochondria • Pyruvate is broken down into CO2 – Krebs Cycle – Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) – Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle 1. Pyruvate forms acetyl CoA (*before Krebs Cycle) 1. CO2 is released 2. Acetyl CoA forms citric acid 3. Citric Acid breaks down 1. Generates 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 4. Acetyl CoA and citric acid are generated and cycle continues Krebs Cycle • 2 pyruvate are formed during glycolysis – Krebs cycle happens once per pyruvate – Twice total • Net Yield of Krebs cycle is 6 CO2, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2 Aerobic Respiration • Aerobic respiration – electron transport is last step • Most ATP is produced • NADH and FADH2 are used to make ATP Electron Transport • Similar to photosynthesis • NADH/FADH release electrons • form NAD+ and FAD • H+ ions are pumped across membrane and create gradient – Chemiosmosis occurs – ATP Synthase pump creates ATP from ADP • Net yield of electron transport: 32 ATP Steps of Respiration • Glycolysis - anaerobic – Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate – 4 ATP produced, 2 used, Net 2 ATP • Krebs Cycle - aerobic – Pyruvate becomes acetyl CoA via coenzyme A – Acetyl CoA becomes citric acid – Net Yield 6 CO2, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2 • Electron Transport aerobic • NADH, FADH2, supply electrons/protons for chemiosmosis – ATP Synthase creates ATP Anaerobic Respiration • No oxygen present: ATP can continue to be created through glycolysis – Only 2 ATP produced – Glycolysis stops when all NAD+ is used • Fermentation – regenerates cell’s supply of NAD+ and produces a small amount of ATP 2 Types of Fermentation Lactic Acid fermentation • Convert pyruvate to lactic acid • Muscles produce lactic acid when not enough O2 • Muscles become fatigued and sore • Produced by microorganisms – Produce food such as yogurt, cheese, sour cream Alcohol Fermentation • Pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol and CO2 • Similar to lactic acid fermentation Review of Photosynthesis and respiration Photosynthesis Phase 1: Light-Dependent Reactions • Require light • Light energy breaks apart water • Electron transport chain – Chemiosmosis – ATP synthase • Produce ATP and NADPH – needed to produce glucose in light-independent reactions Photosynthesis Phase 2: Light-Independent Reactions • Calvin Cycle • Occur in light or dark conditions • Change CO2 to glucose *Alternative Cycles – environmental factors Steps of Respirations • Glycolysis – Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate – 4 ATP produced, 2 used, Net 2 ATP • Krebs Cycle – Pyruvate becomes acetyl CoA via coenzyme A – Acetyl CoA becomes citric acid – Net Yield 6 CO2, *2 ATP*, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2 • Electron Transport – NADH, FADH2, supply electrons/protons for chemiosmosis – ATP Synthase creates ATP – 32 ATP created