Download 03 AP Bio Cells

Cells and Cell Structure
What are Cells?
Def: the smallest level at which life can exist.
Discovery of the cell.
Robert Hooke (1635 –1703)
Hooke discovered cells by
looking at cork samples
through his new invention,
the Microscope. He named
cells after the tiny rooms
that were lived in by the
monks nearby monastery.
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
A Dutch scientist that used a
microscope like Hooke’s to see
that there were small living things
in the water that was making
people sick in his community.
He called them “Animicules”
Two German Scientists
concluded that all
plants and all animals
were made of cells.
Schleiden and Schwann
The Cell Theory
•All Living things are composed of cells
•Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
in living things.
•New cells are produced from existing cells
What type cells are there out there?
Two different types
Prokaryotes
pronounced (pro-carry-oats)
Pro = before
Karyo = kernel or seed
“Before the Nucleus”
Prokaryotic cells are
one where the genetic
material is not
contained in a nucleus.
The DNA is just floating in the cell in
a ring called a Plasmid.
Best Example
– E-coli bacteria in your gut
EuKaryotes pronounced (you-carry-oats)
Eu = true
Karyo = kernel or seed
“True Nucleus”
Eukaryotes have genetic
material stored in the nucleus.
They are:
•generally bigger
•have organelles
•may live in multi-cellular units
Best example - You
The Cell Structures:
Eukaryotic cells of plants and animals have
many structures.
Animal
Plant
Organelle Information
The following information will be given:
1. Animal or Plant
2. Structure and function
3. Relationship with other organelles
4. Interesting facts
5. Mr. Ellis’s shortened definition
The Nucleus
( actually four different organelles)
Found in Plant and Animal
Usually not found in the center of the cell, but to the side.
Ellis Def. – “Cell Brain”
4 parts
1. Chromatin
DNA in the cell
2. Nucleolus
Makes Ribosomes
3. Nuclear Envelope
Protects the DNA
4. Nuclear Pores
“door” in and out of
nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Found in both Plant and Animal
Always associated with the Nucleus
2 Types!
1. ROUGH Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ellis Def. – “Protein Factory”
•A long tube-like structure
used to process proteins.
•Looks “rough” due to
riobosomes attached to the
outside surface.
Actual micrograph
2. SMOOTH Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ellis Def. – “Fat Factory”
•Lipids that are to be made
by the cell are processed
in the smooth E R.
•Usually found near the
Rough E R
Actual micrograph
Golgi Apparatus
a.k.a.(Golgi bodies,or
Golgi structures)
Found in Plant and Animal
Always found near the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ellis Def. – “Cell U.P.S.”
•Products from the E. R. are
packaged in the Golgi.
•Products move to the outside
edges and break out into
“bubble” structures to move
to other parts of the cell.
Actual
micrograph
Camillo
Golgi
Vesicles
Found in Plant and Animal
Found all over the cell, but mainly near the Golgi
Apparatus.
Ellis Def. – “U.P.S. Truck”
•These are the “bubble”
structures that leave the
Golgi.
•Take products everywhere
in the cell.
Cellular Organization:
Organelles are arranged away
from the nucleus based on
their function.
Nucleus
Rough E.R.
1. The nucleus sends out signals.
2. The signals are sent to the
rough E.R. or the Smooth E.R.
(depending on what is to be made).
3. Rough E.R. makes proteins,
Smooth E.R. makes lipids.
4. Products move to the
Golgi to be packaged.
5. Vesicles take the products
to their destination.
Smooth E.R.
Golgi
Vesicles
Ribosomes
(free or attached)
In Plant and Animal
Ellis Def.- “Protein Assembler”
Found near the Rough
E.R.
Found free floating in
the Cell.
Made from two units of
RNA.
Attached
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Found everywhere in Plant and Animal Cells
Ellis Def. – “Cell Powerhouse”
•Produces energy for the cell.
(ATP)
•Made from two layered membrane.
•Has its own DNA
•Divides on its own schedule, not with
the cell
•Endosymbiotic Theory states that it
was once a bacteria and is now living
within the cells.
Micrograph of
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Found everywhere in Plant and Animal Cells
Ellis Def. – “Pacman”
•Lysosomes have enzymes
•They are a specialized
vesicle.
•They “eat” materials the
cell takes in (breaking it
into usable subunits)
•They can also open up
and destroy the cell if
there is an irresolvable
problem.
Cytoplasm
Found everywhere in Plant and Animal
Ellis Def. – “Cell Goo”
•Made of over 95% water.
•The rest is salts and
dissolved ions.
•Supports the cell shape
and provides for movement
of organelles.
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Two different types
Ellis Def. – “Skeleton”
1. Microtubules
Small hollow tubes
2. Microfilaments
Even smaller threads
•Together, these two make up the
scaffolding that organelles use as structure
of the cell.
•Used in the Centrioles and Flagella
(Flagellum – singular)
Centrioles
Found Animal only!
ONLY found in Animal cells!
ONLY found by the Nuclear Membrane.
Ellis Def. – “Cell Anchors”
•Made of Small Tube Proteins
that fuse together to make the
structure’s shape.
•Used by the cell to “anchor”
the Chromosomes in cell division.
This is a micrograph of the
end of the Centriole
Structure of Eukaryotic Cilia/ Flagella
9x2 + 2 ring of microtubules
Covered in plasma membrane
Basal Body
Anchors cilia/ flagella to cell
9x3 ring of microtubules
Wave
Back and
forth
Dynein “walking” moves Cilia and Flagella
•Powered by ATP
•Dynein arms grip adjacent
microtubule
•Grip, pull, release – repeat
•Results in bending of microtubules
Motor Molecules & Cytoskeleton
•Changing shape
•Cilia movement
•Flagella movement
Organelles move along
microtubule or
microfilament
Ex: Vesicle transport
Microfilaments (actin filaments)
 Pulling force
 Muscle contraction
 Cytoplasmic streaming
 Pseudopodia
• Part of Extracellular
Matrix
– Support cell membrane
– Inside of cell membrane
Extracellular Matrix
Cell Membrane
Both Plant and Animal
Ellis Def. – “Cell Skin”
•Made from two layers of
phospholipids backed up
to each other.
•Proteins “float” in the
membrane
These two chains make what
is called ”Lipid Bilayer”.
{
Chloroplast
Found ONLY in plant cells
Ellis Def. – “Sugar Mill”
•Plants use these to make the
sugars that they store for later
use.
•Contains stacks of Thylakoids
upon which photosynthesis takes
place (chlorophyll). The Stroma • As with the
is where light energy is made into Mictochondria, they
are thought to be a
sugars.
bacterial brought in
•Similar to Mitochondria in that
by Endo-symbiotic
they have their own division
theory
schedule
Cell Wall
Plant Only!
Ellis Def.–“Cell Wall” duh!
•Rigid Starchy structure
that surrounds and
protects plant cells
•Has small openings that
allows plants to
communicate with each
other.
Chromoplasts
Found in Plants ONLY
Ellis Def. – “Nature’s Color-wheel”
•Pigments other than Chlorophyll within
the plant. Usually only seen when
Chlorophyll breaks down in the cold.
•Carotenes (orange/yellow) and
Xanthophylls (red/purple)
•Found in leaves, fruits, and flowers.
•Thought to be for attraction of
pollinators and seed dispersers.
Central Vacuole
Ellis Definition: “Water Bag”
• The Central Vacuole is used to
store water for the plant.
• **It also acts by providing
structure to the plant.
• **if full, the cell is Turgid.
• **if not full, the cell is
Flaccid.
• Turgid cells make a healthy
plant
• Flaccid cell - Wilting
Cell Processes
Your Cell Membrane controls what
comes in and what goes out of
your cells.
This is done
through the
proteins that
“float” in the
membrane.
The basic unit of
the membrane is
the Phospholipid.
Phosphate head
Lipid Tails
{
The proteins that “float” in the membrane are
used for specific purposes:
• Some are used for signaling.
They receive messages
• Some are for materials
movement
They have openings to
allow materials to pass
in or out
• Some are cell Identification
• Some are for Regulation
They move specific
materials (NaCl and K)
in or out.
How do cells connect?
Cell Junctions in Animal Cells
Fuses membranes
Strong sheets
Pass ions and small molecules
Passive Transport
Active Transport
1. Simple Diffusion
2. Facilitated
Diffusion
3. Osmosis
1.Active
Transport
2.Phagocytosis
3.Pinocytosis
4.Exocytosis
Review for Test:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Define the following:
Robert Hooke
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
Schleiden
Schwann
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Answer the following:
10. Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
11. Ribosomes
12. Lysosomes
13. Mitochondria
14. Cytoskeleton
15. Microtubules
16. Microfilaments
17. Golgi apparatus
18. Cytoplasm
19. Central Vacuole
20. Cell membrane
21. Chromoplasts
22. Cell Wall
23. Centrioles
24. Exocytosis
25. Prokaryotes
26. Eukaryotes
27. Tight Junctions
28. Desmosomes
29. Gap Junctions
1. What are the components of the cell cycle
2. Follow a protein from the DNA in the Nucleus to the end
placement within or outside the cell.
3. Compare and contrast the cells of plants and Animals.