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Transcript
The Structure and Function of Cells Cell Bellwork #1 • Did you bring your representative organelle from home? (If not, find something really quick!) • Do you know where these life functions are carried out in a cell? – Nutrition - Regulation – Transport - Reproduction – Respiration - Metabolism – Excretion - Homeostasis – Synthesis - Growth Metabolism occurs in all organelles!! Transport Excretion Reproduction Nutrition Excretion Synthesis Respiration Synthesis Reproduction, Growth, Regulation & Homeostasis Synthesis Transport How do cells communicate? • Cell Phones!!! • What do you call an amoeba that won’t share? • Cell-fish!! Figure 2.1 The hierarchy of biological order from atom to organism The Cell Theory • Parts –The cell is the basic unit of structure of an organism. –The cell is the basic unit of function. –All cells arise from pre-existing cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Invented the First Microscope Robert Hooke: Coined the word “cell” Robert Brown discovered the Nucleus Matthias Schleiden was a botanist who helped create the cell theory. Theodor Schwann studied animals and contributed to the cell theory. Rudolph Virchow was the first to say that all cells came from preexisting cells. Exceptions to the cell theory1. Where did the first cell come from? 2. What about Viruses? - not a cell, but can reproduce if inside another cell - on the bridge between living and nonliving CELL STRUCTURES • ORGANELLES – tiny structures that make up cells • CELL MEMBRANE – Semipermeable – Allows certain substances in and keeps other substances out – Made up of lipids and proteins – Cholesterol • Helps maintain the structure of the cell membrane Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) Excretion Cytoplasm The jelly-like, liquid portion of the cell that holds the organelles in place. Cytoplasm – Cyclosis – the cytoplasm moving organelles around the cell (cytoplasmic streaming) The • Brain of the cell (controls cell activites) • The nucleus has a membrane (envelope) • Prokaryotes – lack a nucleus. • Eukaryotes – have a nucleus Nucleus Reproduction & Growth Regulation & Homeostasis Prokaryotes lack these compartments One more thing to worry about… Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotes • NO NUCLEUS • Have a cell membrane and cytoplasm…but no organelles • Carry out life processes Eukaryotes • HAVE NUCLEUS • Have organelles contained within the cytoplasm • Carry out life processes What’s inside the nucleus? • Chromosomes • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – genetic code Chromatin • Chromatin is tangled masses of DNA inside the nucleus • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes right before cell division begins. Nucleolus • Contains protein and RNA (ribonucleic acid)… • Makes ribosomes Synthesis Ribosomes • Make protein • Found free floating in the cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum. Synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • 2 Types - Rough and Smooth ER • Used for transport in the cell Rough – has ribosomes Smooth – does not have ribosomes Synthesis and Transport Excretion Mitochondrion • Powerhouse of the Cell!!! • Cell Respiration occurs here! • Do you remember what cell respiration makes??? • Energy!! • Folded inner membrane increases surface area!!! • Remember that the energy is in the form of ATP!! Cell Bellwork #2 • Did you bring a page size picture of your assigned organelle? If not, please print or draw one right now!! • Now that we have looked at some of the organelles, can you tell me where some of these life functions are carried out in a cell? – Nutrition - Regulation – Transport - Reproduction – Respiration - Metabolism – Excretion - Homeostasis – Synthesis - Growth Golgi Apparatus • Packaging center of the cell. • Along with the smooth ER, it also helps to detoxify! • It makes vesicles to help with transport Golgi Body Secreting Vesicles Transport Lysosomes • Contain digestive enzymes • Digest old worn out parts and invaders • Lysosomes breaking down organelles within a cell. Nutrition Vacuole • Storage • Hold food, oil, wastes • HUGE in plant cells – they usually only have one!! • smaller in animal cells – usually have more than one!! Contractile Vacuoles Pump excess water out of Unicellular organisms. Turgor pressure • pressure exerted against the cell wall in a plant from water in the vacuole • When turgor pressure is present, plants are perky instead of wilted!! Centrioles (Animal Cells only) Used during cellular reproduction Centrioles Cell Wall (Plant cell only) Surrounds the cell membrane and helps with structure and support in plant cells. Cell Wall Cell membrane Chloroplast (Plant cells only) • Carry out photosynthesis take energy from the sun and make food. • Contain chlorophyll, so they’re green! Photosynthesis Lets put ‘em all together Animal Cells Plant Cells Animal Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleolus Nucleus Cell Membrane Vacuole Mitochondria Lysosome Golgi Apparatus Animal Cells-Drawing Plant Cell Chloroplast Vacuole Major Differences between Plant and Animal Cells Plant Cells • No Centrioles • Large vacuole • Cell Wall • Chloroplasts • Usually rectangular Animal Cells • • • • • Have centrioles Small vacuoles No cell wall No Chloroplasts Usually round Figure 2.1 The hierarchy of biological order from atom to organism Identify!!! Identify!!! Identify!!! Identify!!! Identify!!! Identify!! Identify!!! Identify!!! Identify!!! Identify!! Identify!!! Identify!!! Identify!!!