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Transcript
The Cell Function and structure of organelles. Cell membrane and transportation. Where did cells come from???? • Remember: cells are composed of the 4 families of biochemicals. If we know how the biochemicals were formed we can figure out how cells formed! • Scientists Miller and Urey developed an experiment to test the hypothesis that the environment of early earth could produce biochemicals. • Biochemicals create Cells Discovery of cells • 1600’s Leeuwenhoek describes living cells by using a simple light microscope. • 1600’s Robert Hooke observes tiny hollow boxes in cork. They reminded him of the small rooms at the monastery called cells so he named them CELLS. • 1830’s Schleiden – all plants are made of cells • 1830’s Schwann – all animals are made of cells. • All of these discoveries combined to form the CELL THEORY. Cell Theory: • All organisms are composed cells. – Unicellular=one celled organisms. – Multicellular=two celled organisms. • The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms. (basic unit of life) – cells—tissues—organs—systems—organism • All cells come from preexisting cells. Q. Where did the first cells come from? A. Remember Miller – Urey? Two types of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Prokaryotes • Do not have specialized membrane bound structures. (organelles) – NO NUCLEUS- DNA just floats around – Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes – Unicellular, Small, Simplistic Ex. bacteria Eukaryotes • Contain specialized membrane bound structures. (organelles) – Keep DNA in a NUCLEUS – Larger, More Advanced Ex. Humans, trees Endosymbiont Theory • Theory that states how eukaryotes formed from prokaryotes. • Large strong Prokaryotes engulfed smaller energy making Prokaryotes and they started to live together and help each other and reproduce. • These cells eventually became Eukaryotic cells. Endosymbiont Theory • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBjD4A7R2xU • Article at table. Under “summary” on your notes sheet: 1. Describe the endosymbiont theory in your own words. 2. What evidence is used to support the endosymbiont theory? 3. Define engulf. Draw a picture of bacteria engulfing smaller prokaryotes. Organelle Stations • Station 1: Diagram and Chart (paste in notebook) • Station 2: Analogy Word Sort and practice questions (teacher initials and write in notebook) • Station 3: Job Description for TWO organelles (write in notebook) Animal vs. Plant Animal Cell Important Similarities Plant Cell No Chloroplasts Nucleus Chloroplasts No Cell Wall Ribosomes Cell Wall Many Small Vacuoles Cell Membrane One Large Vacuole Mitochondria Microscopes • Simple Light Microscopes-1 lens, very low magnification. – Candles and/or mirrors were used for light. • Compound Light Microscopes- use 2 lenses, maximum magnification of 1,500x. – Uses an electric light source • Electron Microscope- uses beams of electrons to view objects. Allows a more detailed view of smaller objects. – Can magnify up to 500,000x !!!!! Using the compound light microscope: • PART II: Total Magnification Look on one of the microscopes around the room to fill in first two columns on the chart: Magnification of Eyepiece and Magnification of Objective Lens Calculate Total Magnification: Eyepiece magnification x Objective magnification • When focusing your microscope, always begin with the low power lens! It has the largest field of view. – Focus there first then increase the power and use the fine adjustment. PART III: Station A – Place the ‘specimen’ on the glass slide. Put a small drop of water on your slide and lower a cover slip down at an angle slowly to push any air bubbles out. – Use the materials at your station to make a wet mount slide. Cut a lower case ‘e’ out of the newspaper to create your wet mount slide. Continue with Part III #2 and #3. • View the prepared slides/pictures at all other stations (B-E) and answer questions in your notebook. Plasma (Cell) Membrane • Structure – made of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and proteins – A phospholipid consists of a polar phosphate head and non-polar lipid tails • Water is a polar molecule. Molecules like to be near other molecules that are like themselves. • Therefore, what part of the phospholipid would be hydrophilic (water-loving) and what part would be hydrophobic (water-fearing)? All Cells Have a Membrane!!!! • Phospholipid • These help create a semipermeable membrane but how do large molecules get into and out of the cell? Don’t forget: All cells have a membrane!!!! Fluid Mosaic Model Add diagram to your Cell Membrane Notes / 1.2 Functions: • Selectively Permeable Boundary between inside and outside of the cell (Maintains Homeostasis). • Communication between cells • Identifies cells • Keeps the cell whole and intact Name on card: 1. Define osmosis. 2. True/False: Osmosis is a type of diffusion. 3. Does diffusion require energy from the cell? 4. True/False: Facilitated diffusion requires a membrane protein. PASSIVE TRANSPORT • Does not require ENERGY • Particle movement occurs because of a concentration gradient (difference in the amount of a molecule) • What happens if there is a concentration gradient? – Particles “spread out” until the concentration is equal. – They move to maintain dynamic equilibrium (particles still move but stay equally concentrated) Types of Passive Transport 1. Diffusion: Particles naturally want to move from an area of high concentration to low concentration (WITH the gradient). Types of Passive Transport 2. Facilitated Diffusion – Movement of solids from high to low concentration. JUST LIKE REGULAR DIFFUSION! – If they are too big or not polar they need to be HELPED by a protein. Types of Passive Transport 3. Osmosis – Diffusion of WATER across a cell membrane – Still high to low/with the gradient/no energy required Osmosis Chart! Types of Solutions Salt Water Distilled Water Active Transport – Requires energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient. – Molecules may need to be pumped in using membrane proteins OR actually engulfed by the cell membrane. • Examples: – Endocytosis – Exocytosis – Protein Pumps Transport Activities / 1.2 (move at your own pace) • Activity #1: Transport Blocks – Bags are on the front table – Work with folks at your table – Ask Mrs. Handest to bring the key and initial your paper. • Activity #2: Halophytes (salt loving plants) – Articles are on the back table. – Make sure you get Honors or Academic. • Activity #3: Coach Workbook – Workbooks are on the side counter. – Read Lesson 9 (pg.74) – Add to your notes and answer the multiple choice questions. Type of Transport Osmosis Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion *Active Transport Gradient? High to low Or Low to high Is energy required? What moves? Solid or Water or Both Use a protein?