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Download The chemical basis of heredity Nucleic acid
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The chemical basis of heredity Nucleic acid: is the chemical material that carry genetic information in all types of living organism. There are two types of nucleic acid; 1. Deoxy Ribo Nucleic Acid (DNA):this type found in the nucleus and in all type of living organism except in virus. 2. Ribos Nucleic Acid (RNA): this type found in the cytoplasm and nucleus and in virus. The nucleic acid consist of many units called(nucleotides) and all one of them consist of nitrogen base ,pentose and phosphate group ,in order to consist of many nucleotides chain and this nucleotides will be connected by the (di ester phosphate bond )between three carbon atoms in the pentose of nucleotide and the five carbon atoms in another nucleotide. The DNA consist from two strand this structure called (Double helix) but this two strand will be opposite to each other .in this structure the group of sugar and phosphate found on external surface of helix while the nitrogen bases found in side toward the center. The double helix of DNA structure will be coiled and all coiled consist from ten pair of nitrogen bases.the length of all coiled will be 34 A% and the diameter of helix 20 A% There are two types of Nitrogen bases: 1.Purine: Adenine (A) ,Guanine (G). 2.Pyrimidine: Thymin(T) ,Cytosine (C) ,Uracil (U). The A will be linked with the T by two hydrogen bonds. The (U) is found in the RNA instead of (T). so the U will be linked with the (A). The Nitrogen bases will be linked with the number one of carbon atom of pentose which linked with the number one of nitrogen atom in state pyrimidine or nine carbon atom purine,this molecules that consist of pentose and one of Nitrogen base called (nucleoside) and the sugar linked with nitrogen base by the (Glycosidic) bond .the nucleoside will be linkage with the phosphate group by the phosphate bond in order to consist (nucleotide) The scientist Chargaff in 1950 found the total sum of A equal to total sum of T always ,also to the G and C. The ratio of CـG to the TـA will be different from type of living organism to another but the cell of liver and sperms in human contain the same ratio of GـC to AـT this refer to genetic information in (AـT) similar to genetic information of (GـC) . Structure of gene In 1961 the scientist Benzer study the building gene and write three new expresions to di scripe the units of genetic material,this are: 1.Cistron: is the active unit and use to expression the part of DNA that limited one protein chain,the Cistron very big and has 500 nucleotides. 2.Muton: is the mutation unit,contain small number of nucleotides about one or don’t more than 5 nucleotides able to product mutation phenotype. 3.Recon: is the new uniting combination or formation unit . Is the smaller unit of DNA able to composition new uniting has one or two nucleotides. The action of gene: The modern theory that regulation the create protein inside the cell called (operon),this theory will be classify the genes to : 1.structural genes: this type involve the building genes and responsible about the normal creating of protein. 2.functional or operator genes: this type contact with structural genes and will be active when the structural genes in active state and this type will be control on the working of structural genes. Ribo Nucleic Acid(RNA): This type of nucleic acid blay a big role in transcription of genetic formation that found in DNA and synthesis of protein. The RNA will be different on DNA: 1. the RNA contain ribose sugar. 2. the RNA molecule will be single strand. 3. the RNA contain Uracil(U) instead of Thymine(T) , U linkage with A 4. there are three types of RNA. 5. the RNA found in nucleus and cytoplasm,but the DNA found In nucleus only. 6. the RNA found in virus but DNA found in all type of living organism except virus . 7. the DNA will be double helix for that consist from two strands coiled with together . There are three type of RNA: 1.Massenger RNA(mRNA): it is function transport the genetic information from DNA to ribosomes in sequances of amino acids in order to synthesis protein chain .the synthesis process of mRNA from one chain of DNA as template called (transcription) DNA transcriptin mRNA translation protein synthesis. 2.Transfer RNA (tRNA) : this type found in cytoplasm and it is job to transport the active amino acid to ribosomes and contact with the mRNA ,there are number of tRNA more than amino acid number , there for there are more than one tRNA for one amino acid . 3.Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) : this type participate in building of ribosomes and play role in uniting the amino acid to creating peptide chain . Protein synthesis process: In the beginning the first step represented by segregation the two strands Of DNA by some enzymes in order to transcription the genetic Material from DNA to mRNA and used the one strand of DNA as Atemplate to creating the mRNA strand by help of RNA polymerase After that the mRNA will be leaving the nucleus to cytoplasm wher Ribosomes found. The second step include activation or loading the amino acid by some Enzyme and contact the active amino acid with the tRNA that special With it .after that the tRNA transport to ribosomes and contact with mRNA by the anticodon that found on the tRNA. The mRNA contain the nucleotides called (codon) and the codon Must be corresponding with anticodon in this way the amino acid Will be togather in the ribosomes to creat polypeptide by peptide Bonds after that the tRNA will be free to attached with another Amino acid.