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Pd 1 –show videos Drill-pd 4 2/23/16 • Describe the difference between diploid and haploid. • What is the purpose of crossing over? • Describe the difference between diploid and haploid. Cells with two sets of chromosomes are diploid (2n) and one set are haploid.(n). • What is the purpose of crossing over? Permits the exchange of genetic material between mom and dad chromosomes. Objective SWBAT • Define and give examples of terms related to the topic of Genetics. Agenda • Genetics Vocabulary Challenge • Videos • Work on HW Genetics Vocabulary GENETICS Vocabulary Word Genetics Definition The study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring Other Things to Know… Gregor Mendel -pioneer in genetics -crossed peas to show how traits were passed on HEREDITY Vocabulary Word Heredity Definition Other Things to Know… The transmission of Important for traits from parents appearance and to their offspring study of genetic diseases TRAIT Vocabulary Word Trait Definition A category within which alternate characteristics can be observed Other Things to Know… Examples of traits: hair color, eye color, height GENE Vocabulary Word Gene Definition A segment of DNA that codes for a protein – a unit of hereditary information Other Things to Know… Found on chromosomes within the nucleus ALLELES Vocabulary Word Definition An alternate form of a gene (trait) Alleles Other Things to Know… Ex: Everyone has an eye color, but there are different types: blue, brown, etc. DOMINANT vs. RECESSIVE Vocabulary Word Dominant Definition Other Things to Know… An allele that masks the presence of another allele for the same trait -Shown with a capital letter (ex: A, T, G). -Will always be seen if present. Vocabulary Word Recessive Definition Other Things to Know… An allele that is masked by the presence of another allele for the same trait -Shown with a lower case letter (ex: a, t, g). -Will only be seen if both alleles for a trait are recessive. Vocabulary Word Definition Referring to a gene pair in which the Homozygous two alleles code for the same trait Other Things to Know… Written as: AA or aa Vocabulary Word Definition Referring to a gene pair in which the Heterozygous two alleles do not code for the same trait Other Things to Know… Written as: Aa LAW OF SEGREGATION Vocabulary Word Definition Law stating that pairs of genes Law of separate in meiosis Segregation and each gamete receives one gene of a pair Other Things to Know… Allows each parent to contribute half the Chromosomes. LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Vocabulary Word Law of Independent Assortment Definition Other Things to Know… Different genes sort separately from each other. The gene for eye color sorts separately from hair color, and skin color, etc… GENOTYPE vs. PHENOTYPE Vocabulary Word Genotype Definition Other Things to Know… The genetic makeup of an organism Written with the letters of alleles: Aa, TT, bb, etc. Vocabulary Word Phenotype Definition The external (physical) appearance of an organism that is determined by the individual’s genotype Other Things to Know… Written as the Physical Trait: Brown hair, blue eyes, short, etc. HOMOZYGOUS vs. HETEROZYGOUS PUREBRED Vocabulary Word Purebred Definition An organism that is homozygous for a trait Other Things to Know… Ex: AA or aa HYBRID Vocabulary Word Hybrid Definition An organism that is heterozygous for a trait Other Things to Know… Ex: Aa PROBABILITY Vocabulary Word Probability Definition Other Things to Know… The likelihood that something will happen Ex: dice, coin-flipping, chance of have blue eyes, etc. PUNNETT SQUARE Vocabulary Word Punnett Square Definition A model used to determine the probabilities of the results of a genetic cross Other Things to Know… Mom’s alleles go together on one side and Dad’s go together on the other. Drill # 15 2/20/14 • Which of these best describes the correct sequence in the expression of a trait? a)trait → gene → enzyme b)gene → protein → trait c)protein → gene → trait d)gene → trait → DNA Drill #17 3/2/15 • How would our lab results change if a larger population was polled? Why? SWBAT • Explain Mendel’s experiment • Demonstrate how the results of his experiment paved the path to understanding genes. Agenda • PTC Extension • Mendel notes Drill # 15 2/20/14 • Which of these best describes the correct sequence in the expression of a trait? a)trait → gene → enzyme b)gene → protein → trait c)protein → gene → trait d)gene → trait → DNA Lab Reports Data tables and graphs must have: • proper titles that identify independent and dependent variables • properly labeled axes Conclusion must: • • • • identify whether the hypothesis was supported use data to support your claim connect with previous research identify sources of errors, relevance of findings and new problems. • http://science.discovery.com/tvshows/greatest-discoveries/videos/100greatest-discoveries-shorts-genetics.htm Gregor Mendel • Founder of genetics (study of heredity) • Monk who lived in a monastery • Studied garden pea plants – Researched heredity= the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS • Pollinated pea plants – Self-pollination • Transfer of pollen to same flower or plant – Cross pollination • Transfer of pollen between 2 different plants • Studied 7 pea plant characteristics – Height, pea color, seed texture, seed color, flower color, etc. Pea Plant Characteristics Genes • • Genes-part of the DNA on a chromosome that controls a particular trait Alleles- alternate forms of a gene – 2 types 1. Dominant-masks • Capital letters: A, R, F, T, B 2. Recessive-the masked • Lowercase letters: a, r, f, t, b Examples • Homozygous dominant – BB • Homozygous recessive – bb • Heterozygous – Bb Drill #16 2/26/15 • What process produces male and female sex cells in plants? a)mitosis b)meiosis c)replication d)fertilization Sample Question • What process produces male and female sex cells in plants? a)mitosis b)meiosis c)replication d)fertilization Sample Question • A pair of laboratory mice are crossed to obtain offspring. Three alleles found in the female gamete are ABC. Three alleles found in the male gamete are Abc. • What is formed when a male gamete combines with a female gamete? a) b) c) d) zygote egg sperm chromosome Sample Question • A pair of laboratory mice are crossed to obtain offspring. Three alleles found in the female gamete are ABC. Three alleles found in the male gamete are Abc. • What is formed when a male gamete combines with a female gamete? a) b) c) d) zygote egg sperm chromosome Sample Question • Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction in which adult plants grow directly from egg cells. Which of these does not occur during apomixis? a) b) c) d) mitosis translation fertilization transcription Sample Question • Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction in which adult plants grow directly from egg cells. Which of these does not occur during apomixis? a) b) c) d) mitosis translation fertilization transcription Sample Questions • Which of these make up the primary link between a gene and the expression of a trait? a) b) c) d) proteins sugars lipids vitamins Sample Questions • Which of these make up the primary link between a gene and the expression of a trait? a) b) c) d) proteins sugars lipids vitamins