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Bio 216 Exam 1 Name _______________________________________ Date ____________________ 1. The study of how disease or injury alters physiological processes is termed A. comparative physiology. B. the scientific method. C. pathophysiology. D. anatomy. 2. Negative feedback results in a response that opposes that of the original stimulus. A. True B. False 3. An integrating center sends information to a(n) A. sensor. B. effector. C. brain region. D. thermostat. 4. A. B. C. D. The endocrine regulation of blood glucose concentration is an example of a(n) antagonistic effector. positive feedback loop. negative feedback loop. Both antagonistic effector and negative feedback loop are correct. 5. A. C. E. ____________ and ____________ are often regulators of effectors in most feedback loops. Enzymes, neurotransmitters B. Hormones, neurotransmitters Nerves, enzymes D. Hormones, nerves Enzymes, hormones 6. A decrease in mean arterial pressure is detected by A. an effector. B. an integrating center. C. a sensor. D. a chemical messenger. 7. In positive feedback mechanisms, the action of an effector is A. unchanged. B. increased. C. decreased. D. decreased, then increased. 8. The normal range of arterial blood pH is A. 6.50-7.50. C. 6.95-7.05. B. 7.35-7.45. D. 7.15-7.25. 9. Which of the following systems is NOT primarily involved in maintaining homeostasis? A. the endocrine system B. the nervous system C. the reproductive system D. both the endocrine system and the nervous system 10. Homeostasis is best thought of as being a state of A. constant fluctuation. B. stasis. C. dynamic constancy. D. inconsistency. 11. Which of the following is NOT a primary tissue of the body? A. nervous B. epithelium C. muscular D. osseous 12. Contraction of ____________ muscle can be consciously controlled. A. cardiac B. smooth C. skeletal 13. These muscle cells do NOT have a striated appearance. A. skeletal muscle cells B. smooth muscle cells C. cardiac muscle cells D. both smooth muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells 14. The highly branched extensions of a neuron whose function is to receive input from other neurons or receptor cells are called A. dendrites. B. axons. C. cell bodies. D. glia. 15. Epithelial membranes that are more than one layer thick are called A. simple. B. stratified. C. squamous. D. ciliated. 16. Histological examination of a membrane shows several layers of keratinized flattened cells. This sample most likely came from A. the epidermis of the skin. B. the lining of the oral cavity. C. the lining of the urinary bladder. D. the lining of the digestive tract. 17. Specialized epithelial cells that line the urinary bladder that allow distention make up A. transitional epithelium. B. stratified cuboidal epithelium. C. simple columnar epithelium. D. nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. 18. _______________ glands secrete chemicals through a duct that leads to the outside of a membrane. A. Endocrine B. Exocrine 19. ____________ attach skeletal muscles to bones. A. Ligaments B. Cartilages C. Tendons D. Adipocyte 20. Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a liquid extracellular matrix? A. bone B. blood C. adipose D. irregular dense connective tissue 21. Bone-forming cells are known as A. osteocytes. C. osteons. B. osteoblasts. D. chondrocytes. 22. Which organ system is primarily involved in regulation of blood volume and composition? A. the urinary system B. the digestive system C. the circulatory system D. the integumentary system 23. Which of the following is NOT a major organ of the integumentary system? A. hair B. nails C. cartilages D. skin 24. Tissues are groups of cells that have similar functions. A. True B. False 25. Organs involved in carrying out related functions are grouped into systems. A. True B. False 26. Nervous tissue is specialized to produce and conduct electrical impulses. A. True B. False 27. One exocrine function of the skin is the synthesis and secretion of melanin from the sebaceous glands. A. True B. False 28. Enzymes ______________ the rate of a specific chemical reaction. A. decrease B. increase C. have no effect on 29. The rate at which a chemical reaction can be increased is by either ______________ the temperature or ______________ the activation energy. A. increasing, increasing B. increasing, decreasing C. decreasing, decreasing D. decreasing, increasing 30. The substrate binds to the ______________ of the enzyme. A. allosteric site B. acidic site C. neutral site D. active site 31. Digestive enzymes which remove hydrogen atoms from their substrates are referred to as A. dehydrogenases. B. hydrolases. C. catalases. D. peroxidases. 32. Dehydration synthesis reactions are catalyzed by A. dehydrogenases. B. hydrolases. C. isomerases. D. synthases. 33. In the reaction (H2O + CO2 -> H2CO3), increasing the concentration of H2O would A. decrease the concentration of H2CO3. B. increase the concentration of H2CO3. C. increase the concentration of CO2. D. have no effect on either CO2 or H2CO3 concentrations. 34. Energy transformations result in a(n) ______________ in entropy. A. increase B. decrease C. no change 35. Energy transformations increase the entropy of a system is a statement of the A. first law of thermodynamics. B. second law of thermodynamics. C. law of mass action. D. law of conservation of energy. 36. Energy can change forms, but cannot be created or destroyed is a statement of the A. first law of thermodynamics. B. second law of thermodynamics. C. law of mass action. D. third law of thermodynamics. 37. Free energy is ______________ when exergonic reactions proceed. A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged 38. A ______________ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one cubic centimeter of water one degree on the Celsius scale. A. specific heat B. meter C. boiling point D. calorie 39. ______________ is the universal energy carrier. A. Glucose B. ATP C. ADP D. GTP 40. NAD is derived from the vitamin A. B-12. C. B-2, riboflavin. B. B-3, niacin. D. B-6. 41. FAD is derived from vitamin A. B-12. C. B-2, riboflavin. B. B-3, niacin. D. B-6. 42. Chemically reduced FAD has __________ extra hydrogen atom(s) bound to it. A. one B. two C. three D. no 43. If NAD becomes reduced it is a(n) A. reducing agent. C. zymogen. B. oxidizing agent. D. allosteric inhibitor. 44. During oxidation, a molecule or atom A. gains protons. C. gains electrons. B. loses protons. D. loses electrons. 45. During reduction, a molecule or atom A. gains protons. C. gains electrons. B. loses protons. D. loses electrons. 46. FAD and NAD are coenzymes that act as _______ in biochemical reactions. A. hydrogen carriers B. oxygen carriers C. energy carriers D. vitamin carriers 47. Catalysts increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. A. True B. False 48. Most enzymes are lipids. A. True B. False 49. Active enzymes are often called zymogens. A. True B. False 50. Another name for the first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy. A. True B. False 51. Oxidizing agents accept electrons from molecules undergoing reduction. A. True B. False 52. A reducing agent donates electrons to a molecule. A. True B. False 53. Reduction and oxidation are always coupled. A. True B. False 54. ______________ reactions require energy to synthesize large molecules from small molecules. A. Combustion B. Catabolic C. Anabolic D. Decomposition 55. Glycolysis converts glucose into two ______________ molecules. A. glycogen B. lactic acid C. acetyl CoA D. pyruvic acid 56. Glycolysis results in a net gain of two ATP formed by direct _____________ of ADP molecules using phosphates taken from glycolytic intermediates. A. phosphorylation B. hydrolysis C. reduction D. oxidation 57. ________ muscle is better adapted to anaerobic conditions than cardiac muscle. A. Smooth B. Skeletal 58. ______________ cells normally produce ATP exclusively by anaerobic respiration metabolism. A. Red blood B. White blood C. Skin D. Nerve 59. What is the inadequate supply of blood to an organ called? A. infarction B. ischemia C. necrosis D. cramping 60. The Cori cycle converts ______________ to pyruvic acid. A. glucose B. acetyl CoA C. lactic acid D. alcohol 61. What type of tissue is especially dependent on adequate plasma glucose levels? A. skeletal muscle B. cardiac muscle C. nervous D. liver 62. Which of the following can undergo metabolic conversion to acetyl CoA and enter the Krebs cycle? A. glucose B. fatty acids C. protein D. All of these choices are correct. 63. ATP formation in the electron transport system is called A. substrate level phosphorylation. B. oxidative phosphorylation. C. direct phosphorylation. D. Both substrate level phosphorylation and direct phosphorylation are correct. 64. The actual yield of ATP from 1 glucose is A. 18-20 ATP. C. 30-32 ATP. B. 36-38 ATP. D. 26-28 ATP. 65. The electron transport system is a series of _________ reactions. A. composition-decomposition B. dehydration synthesis-hydrolysis C. oxidation-reduction D. reversible 66. Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces A. 2 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 3 NADH. C. 3 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 1 NADH. B. 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 3 NADH. D. 1 FADH2, 3 ATP, and 2 NADH. 67. Acetyl CoA is A. generated from oxaloacetate. C. generated from citric acid. B. generated from pyruvate. D. generated from water. 68. Aerobic respiration A. uses glucose. C. Both uses glucose and generates water. B. generates water. D. generates oxygen. 69. Fatty acid metabolism A. occurs via glycolysis. C. occurs via the Cori cycle. B. occurs via oxidative deamination. D. occurs via beta-oxidation. 70. The majority of energy within the body is stored as triglycerides. A. True B. False 71. How much of the total body water content is intracellular? A. 50% B. 67% C. 33% D. 80% 72. Proteins that extend from the cytoskeleton within the cell, through the plasma membrane, and into the extracellular matrix are A. lysosomal proteins. B. metallo proteins. C. receptor proteins. D. integrin proteins. 73. Osmosis and simple diffusion do NOT require the actions of carrier proteins. A. True B. False 74. Active transport proceeds when energy is expended. A. True B. False 75. ____________________ is a term which describes a membrane that allows only certain molecules to penetrate it. A. Selectively permeable B. Permeable C. Porous D. Countertransport 76. Passive transport of water is known as A. filtration. C. facilitated diffusion. B. osmosis. D. a water pump. 77. Simple diffusion is the net diffusion of a solvent. A. True B. False 78. A solution consists of a ____________ which dissolves the _____________. A. solvent, solute B. solvent, solid C. solute, solvent D. liquid, solid 79. The rate of diffusion is influenced by A. the concentration gradient. C. membrane surface area. B. membrane permeability. D. All of these choices are correct. 80. The osmotic pressure of a solution is directly related to its ___________ concentration. A. water B. solute C. solvent D. matrix 81. Hypertonic solutions stimulate cellular lysis. A. True B. False 82. Cells placed in hypotonic solutions will A. decrease in volume. C. increase in volume. B. increase intracellular solute concentration. D. lose water to the solution. 83. What type of intravenous fluid would be given to reduce edema? A. hypertonic B. isotonic C. hypotonic 84. Osmoreceptors are involved in the regulation of blood volume. A. True B.False 85. Protein carrier mediated transport of molecules display A. specificity. B. competition. C. saturation. D. All of these choices are correct. 86. Facilitated diffusion of a molecule into a cell would be more rapid if A. the concentration of the molecule in the cell increased. B. the concentration of water in the cell decreased. C. the concentration of the molecule outside the cell increased. D. the cell was isotonic. 87. The Na+/K+ pump transports _______ into the cell and ________ out of the cell per cycle. A. 3Na+, 2K+ B. 2Na+, 3K+ + + C. 3K , 2Na D. 2K+, 3Na+ 88. In secondary active transport, if the other substance is moved in the same direction as Na+, it is called A. cotransport. B. countertransport. C. antiport. D. None of these are correct. 89. Desmosomes are a type of junctional complex. A. True B. False 90. Bulk transport is required for the transport of large polar molecules into or out of cells. A. True B. False 91. The charge difference across a membrane produces the membrane potential. A. True B. False 92. The primary intracellular cation is A. Ca2+. C. Mg2+. B. K+. D. Na+. 93. The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for A. sodium ions. B. chloride ions. C. calcium ions. D. potassium ions. 94. Hyperkalemia would ____________ the resting membrane potential of the cell. A. increase B. decrease C. have no effect on 95. Most cells have a resting membrane potential between A. +60mV and -90mV. B. -60mV and -90mV. C. -65mV and -85mV. D. +65mV and +90mV. 96. Which of the following is NOT a general category of cell signaling molecules? A. endocrine signaling B. enzymatic signaling C. paracrine signaling D. synaptic signaling 97. What is necessary for a target cell to respond to a cell signaling molecule? A. being close together B. a second messenger C. specific receptor proteins D. All of these choices are necessary. 98. What molecules pass information from the polar regulatory molecule receptor to activate the enzymes that produce cAMP? A. paracrines B. G-proteins C. GTP D. None of these choices are correct. 99. Which of the following is NOT a G-protein? A. alpha B. beta C. delta D. gamma 100. Which of the following is NOT true of cyclic AMP? A. It is found on the outside of a plasma membrane. B. It is a second messenger for polar regulatory molecules. C. It is made from ATP. D. It activates enzymes inside a cell to produce the desired effect.