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Biology II Honors Semester review 1. Human blood has a pH of about 7.4. This is _______________ 2. the subatomic particle of an atom that has a positive charge is __________ 3. The subatomic particle of an atom that has a negative charge is __________ 4. The subatomic particle of an atom that has no charge is ____________ 5. Describe the water molecule 6. Describe an orbital 7. Describe ionic bonds 8. Describe the pH scale 9. Why does a coastal area have a moderate climate? 10. Describe polar covalent bonds 11. What contributes to acid rain? 12. If the pH of cytoplasm is 7.2 then the cytoplasm is _______ 13. What carbohydrate is found in the cell walls of plants? 14. What type of molecule is used for storage? 15. A hydrocarbon is hydrophobic except when __________________ 16. What carbohydrate is found in the exoskeleton of insects or crabs? 17. A dehydration reaction can also be called a ___________ reaction since it forms water 18. What are the four most common elements found in living organisms? 19. A protein is a polymer make up of what monomer? 20. A polysaccharide is a polymer made up of what monomer? 21. What lipid forms a bilayer between two watery regions of the plasma membrane of the cell? 22. What term describes molecules that have identical molecular formulas but the atoms in each molecule are arranged differently? 23. The diversity of organic molecules is due to what? 24. Describe DNA 25. A lipid is a polymer made up of what type of monomers? 26. Describe a bacteria’s anatomy 27. Membrane – bound vesicles that contain enzymes for oxidizing small organic molecule with the formation of hydrogen peroxide are ___________ 28. What are some reasons for the small size of cells? 29. What are some organelles of plant cells? 30. What is the pH of lysosomes? 31. Describe ribosomes 32. What type of cells do not have a cell wall? 33. Describe chloroplasts 34. Describe the cell theory 35. The cells that line our respiratory tract, and one celled paramecia both have these short hair like projections 36. Compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells 37. Describe mitochondria 38. How does turgor pressure occur in plants? 39. How does the sodium-potassium pump work? 40. Define osmosis 41. How are cell products secreted from the cell? Biology II Honors Semester review 42. The current theory of the structure of the plasma membrane is best describe by the _____________ model 43. Describe the plasma membrane 44. How do sugars and amino acids come into the cell? 45. What occurs when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution? 46. If phagocytosis can be compared to cellular eating, then pinocytosis is compared to the cell _________________ 47. Describe diffusion 48. Pinocytosis is an example of ____________________ 49. Describe the orientation of the phospholipid bilayer with regards to the cell membrane 50. Whether a molecule can cross the plasma membrane depends upon ___________ 51. What conditions affect the activity of an enzyme? 52. Give examples of potential energy 53. What are the subunits of ATP? 54. What is the importance of ATP? 55. Energy coupling of endergoinic and exergonic reactions within cells 56. Potential energy is best described as the ____________________________ 57. Coupling occurs when the energy released by an exergonic reaction is _______________________ 58. How do poisons work? 59. Solar energy is stored in what molecules during photosynthesis? 60. Describe enzyme inhibition? 61. Describe the accepted theory of how an enzyme and its substrate fit together 62. Describe enzymes 63. Name the components of a chemical equation 64. What will denature a protein? 65. What are coenzymes? 66. All of the biochemical pathways in a cell constitute _______________ 67. In the electron transport systems of chloroplasts and mitochondira, ____________ __________________________________________________________________ 68. What is involved in the second law of thermodynamics? 69. Describe noncyclic electron pathway 70. What are major photosynthetic pigments? 71. Describe photosystem I and photosystem II 72. Why are plants gree? 73. compare the action spectrum with the absorption spectrum 74. Most food plants, such as wheat, oats, and rice are from what group of plants? 75. The Calvin cycle requires ________________________ to occur 76. What is the end product of the Calvin cycle? 77. G3P is used by plants for the formation of what? 78. What are the products of photosynthesis? 79. Carbon dioxide movement into a plant leaf involves what? 80. Protons accumulate in the thylakoid space during ETC between photosystems I and II. The excess of protons are used for what? 81. What are stroma? Biology II Honors Semester review 82. Describe photosynthesis in terms of photosystems 83. What organisms are capable of photosynthesis? 84. The major enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of carbon dioxide is called _________________ 85. The first reaction in the citric acid cydle is binding _______________ 86. Acetyl-CoA is produced from __________________ 87. What process produces both NADH and FADH2? 88. Cellular respiration yields about _________ of the energy of glucose in ATP molecules 89. What process occurs before fermentation? 90. One turn of the citric acid cycle produces __________________ 91. What connects glycolysis with the final stages of the aerobic pathways? 92. What process occurs in the cytosol? 93. Complete oxidative breakdown of glucose results in __________ ATP molecules. 94. the end products of eukaryotic cellular aerobic respiration includes what? 95. The preparatory reaction breaks what? 96. The large number of ATP’s produced are _________________________ 97. Describe the citric acid cycle 98. For aerobic respiration to occur, what has to happen? 99. The amino acids we cannot synthesize are called _________ because we_____________ 100. What is the first process in breaking down glucose?