Download Bio 216 Exam 1 Name Date 1. The study of how disease or injury

Bio 216 Exam 1
Name _______________________________________
Date ____________________
1. The study of how disease or injury alters physiological processes is termed
A. comparative physiology.
B. the scientific method.
C. pathophysiology.
D. anatomy.
2. Negative feedback results in a response that opposes that of the original stimulus.
A. True
B. False
3. An integrating center sends information to a(n)
A. sensor.
B. effector.
C. brain region.
D. thermostat.
4.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The endocrine regulation of blood glucose concentration is an example of a(n)
antagonistic effector.
positive feedback loop.
negative feedback loop.
Both antagonistic effector and negative feedback loop are correct.
5.
A.
C.
E.
____________ and ____________ are often regulators of effectors in most feedback loops.
Enzymes, neurotransmitters
B. Hormones, neurotransmitters
Nerves, enzymes
D. Hormones, nerves
Enzymes, hormones
6. A decrease in mean arterial pressure is detected by
A. an effector.
B. an integrating center.
C. a sensor.
D. a chemical messenger.
7. In positive feedback mechanisms, the action of an effector is
A. unchanged.
B. increased.
C. decreased.
D. decreased, then increased.
8. The normal range of arterial blood pH is
A. 6.50-7.50.
C. 6.95-7.05.
B. 7.35-7.45.
D. 7.15-7.25.
9. Which of the following systems is NOT primarily involved in maintaining homeostasis?
A. the endocrine system
B. the nervous system
C. the reproductive system
D. both the endocrine system and the nervous system
10. Homeostasis is best thought of as being a state of
A. constant fluctuation.
B. stasis.
C. dynamic constancy.
D. inconsistency.
11. Which of the following is NOT a primary tissue of the body?
A. nervous
B. epithelium
C. muscular
D. osseous
12. Contraction of ____________ muscle can be consciously controlled.
A. cardiac
B. smooth
C. skeletal
13. These muscle cells do NOT have a striated appearance.
A. skeletal muscle cells
B. smooth muscle cells
C. cardiac muscle cells
D. both smooth muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells
14. The highly branched extensions of a neuron whose function is to receive input from other neurons or receptor cells
are called
A. dendrites.
B. axons.
C. cell bodies.
D. glia.
15. Epithelial membranes that are more than one layer thick are called
A. simple.
B. stratified.
C. squamous.
D. ciliated.
16. Histological examination of a membrane shows several layers of keratinized flattened cells. This sample most likely
came from
A. the epidermis of the skin.
B. the lining of the oral cavity.
C. the lining of the urinary bladder.
D. the lining of the digestive tract.
17. Specialized epithelial cells that line the urinary bladder that allow distention make up
A. transitional epithelium.
B. stratified cuboidal epithelium.
C. simple columnar epithelium.
D. nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
18. _______________ glands secrete chemicals through a duct that leads to the outside of a membrane.
A. Endocrine
B. Exocrine
19. ____________ attach skeletal muscles to bones.
A. Ligaments
B. Cartilages
C. Tendons
D. Adipocyte
20. Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a liquid extracellular matrix?
A. bone
B. blood
C. adipose
D. irregular dense connective tissue
21. Bone-forming cells are known as
A. osteocytes.
C. osteons.
B. osteoblasts.
D. chondrocytes.
22. Which organ system is primarily involved in regulation of blood volume and composition?
A. the urinary system
B. the digestive system
C. the circulatory system
D. the integumentary system
23. Which of the following is NOT a major organ of the integumentary system?
A. hair
B. nails
C. cartilages
D. skin
24. Tissues are groups of cells that have similar functions.
A. True
B. False
25. Organs involved in carrying out related functions are grouped into systems.
A. True
B. False
26. Nervous tissue is specialized to produce and conduct electrical impulses.
A. True
B. False
27. One exocrine function of the skin is the synthesis and secretion of melanin from the sebaceous glands.
A. True
B. False
28. Enzymes ______________ the rate of a specific chemical reaction.
A. decrease
B. increase
C. have no effect on
29. The rate at which a chemical reaction can be increased is by either ______________ the temperature or
______________ the activation energy.
A. increasing, increasing
B. increasing, decreasing
C. decreasing, decreasing
D. decreasing, increasing
30. The substrate binds to the ______________ of the enzyme.
A. allosteric site
B. acidic site
C. neutral site
D. active site
31. Digestive enzymes which remove hydrogen atoms from their substrates are referred to as
A. dehydrogenases.
B. hydrolases.
C. catalases.
D. peroxidases.
32. Dehydration synthesis reactions are catalyzed by
A. dehydrogenases.
B. hydrolases.
C. isomerases.
D. synthases.
33. In the reaction (H2O + CO2 -> H2CO3), increasing the concentration of H2O would
A. decrease the concentration of H2CO3.
B. increase the concentration of H2CO3.
C. increase the concentration of CO2.
D. have no effect on either CO2 or H2CO3 concentrations.
34. Energy transformations result in a(n) ______________ in entropy.
A. increase
B. decrease
C. no change
35. Energy transformations increase the entropy of a system is a statement of the
A. first law of thermodynamics.
B. second law of thermodynamics.
C. law of mass action.
D. law of conservation of energy.
36. Energy can change forms, but cannot be created or destroyed is a statement of the
A. first law of thermodynamics.
B. second law of thermodynamics.
C. law of mass action.
D. third law of thermodynamics.
37. Free energy is ______________ when exergonic reactions proceed.
A. increased
B. decreased
C. unchanged
38. A ______________ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one cubic centimeter of water one
degree on the Celsius scale.
A. specific heat
B. meter
C. boiling point
D. calorie
39. ______________ is the universal energy carrier.
A. Glucose
B. ATP
C. ADP
D. GTP
40. NAD is derived from the vitamin
A. B-12.
C. B-2, riboflavin.
B. B-3, niacin.
D. B-6.
41. FAD is derived from vitamin
A. B-12.
C. B-2, riboflavin.
B. B-3, niacin.
D. B-6.
42. Chemically reduced FAD has __________ extra hydrogen atom(s) bound to it.
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. no
43. If NAD becomes reduced it is a(n)
A. reducing agent.
C. zymogen.
B. oxidizing agent.
D. allosteric inhibitor.
44. During oxidation, a molecule or atom
A. gains protons.
C. gains electrons.
B. loses protons.
D. loses electrons.
45. During reduction, a molecule or atom
A. gains protons.
C. gains electrons.
B. loses protons.
D. loses electrons.
46. FAD and NAD are coenzymes that act as _______ in biochemical reactions.
A. hydrogen carriers
B. oxygen carriers
C. energy carriers
D. vitamin carriers
47. Catalysts increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energy of a reaction.
A. True
B. False
48. Most enzymes are lipids.
A. True
B. False
49. Active enzymes are often called zymogens.
A. True
B. False
50. Another name for the first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy.
A. True
B. False
51. Oxidizing agents accept electrons from molecules undergoing reduction.
A. True
B. False
52. A reducing agent donates electrons to a molecule.
A. True
B. False
53. Reduction and oxidation are always coupled.
A. True
B. False
54. ______________ reactions require energy to synthesize large molecules from small molecules.
A. Combustion
B. Catabolic
C. Anabolic
D. Decomposition
55. Glycolysis converts glucose into two ______________ molecules.
A. glycogen
B. lactic acid
C. acetyl CoA
D. pyruvic acid
56. Glycolysis results in a net gain of two ATP formed by direct _____________ of ADP molecules using phosphates
taken from glycolytic intermediates.
A. phosphorylation
B. hydrolysis
C. reduction
D. oxidation
57. ________ muscle is better adapted to anaerobic conditions than cardiac muscle.
A. Smooth
B. Skeletal
58. ______________ cells normally produce ATP exclusively by anaerobic respiration metabolism.
A. Red blood
B. White blood
C. Skin
D. Nerve
59. What is the inadequate supply of blood to an organ called?
A. infarction
B. ischemia
C. necrosis
D. cramping
60. The Cori cycle converts ______________ to pyruvic acid.
A. glucose
B. acetyl CoA
C. lactic acid
D. alcohol
61. What type of tissue is especially dependent on adequate plasma glucose levels?
A. skeletal muscle
B. cardiac muscle
C. nervous
D. liver
62. Which of the following can undergo metabolic conversion to acetyl CoA and enter the Krebs cycle?
A. glucose
B. fatty acids
C. protein
D. All of these choices are correct.
63. ATP formation in the electron transport system is called
A. substrate level phosphorylation.
B. oxidative phosphorylation.
C. direct phosphorylation.
D. Both substrate level phosphorylation and direct phosphorylation are correct.
64. The actual yield of ATP from 1 glucose is
A. 18-20 ATP.
C. 30-32 ATP.
B. 36-38 ATP.
D. 26-28 ATP.
65. The electron transport system is a series of _________ reactions.
A. composition-decomposition
B. dehydration synthesis-hydrolysis
C. oxidation-reduction
D. reversible
66. Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces
A. 2 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 3 NADH.
C. 3 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 1 NADH.
B. 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 3 NADH.
D. 1 FADH2, 3 ATP, and 2 NADH.
67. Acetyl CoA is
A. generated from oxaloacetate.
C. generated from citric acid.
B. generated from pyruvate.
D. generated from water.
68. Aerobic respiration
A. uses glucose.
C. Both uses glucose and generates water.
B. generates water.
D. generates oxygen.
69. Fatty acid metabolism
A. occurs via glycolysis.
C. occurs via the Cori cycle.
B. occurs via oxidative deamination.
D. occurs via beta-oxidation.
70. The majority of energy within the body is stored as triglycerides.
A. True
B. False
71. How much of the total body water content is intracellular?
A. 50%
B. 67%
C. 33%
D. 80%
72. Proteins that extend from the cytoskeleton within the cell, through the plasma membrane, and into the extracellular
matrix are
A. lysosomal proteins.
B. metallo proteins.
C. receptor proteins.
D. integrin proteins.
73. Osmosis and simple diffusion do NOT require the actions of carrier proteins.
A. True
B. False
74. Active transport proceeds when energy is expended.
A. True
B. False
75. ____________________ is a term which describes a membrane that allows only certain molecules to penetrate it.
A. Selectively permeable
B. Permeable
C. Porous
D. Countertransport
76. Passive transport of water is known as
A. filtration.
C. facilitated diffusion.
B. osmosis.
D. a water pump.
77. Simple diffusion is the net diffusion of a solvent.
A. True
B. False
78. A solution consists of a ____________ which dissolves the _____________.
A. solvent, solute
B. solvent, solid
C. solute, solvent
D. liquid, solid
79. The rate of diffusion is influenced by
A. the concentration gradient.
C. membrane surface area.
B. membrane permeability.
D. All of these choices are correct.
80. The osmotic pressure of a solution is directly related to its ___________ concentration.
A. water
B. solute
C. solvent
D. matrix
81. Hypertonic solutions stimulate cellular lysis.
A. True
B. False
82. Cells placed in hypotonic solutions will
A. decrease in volume.
C. increase in volume.
B. increase intracellular solute concentration.
D. lose water to the solution.
83. What type of intravenous fluid would be given to reduce edema?
A. hypertonic
B. isotonic
C. hypotonic
84. Osmoreceptors are involved in the regulation of blood volume.
A. True
B.False
85. Protein carrier mediated transport of molecules display
A. specificity.
B. competition.
C. saturation.
D. All of these choices are correct.
86. Facilitated diffusion of a molecule into a cell would be more rapid if
A. the concentration of the molecule in the cell increased.
B. the concentration of water in the cell decreased.
C. the concentration of the molecule outside the cell increased.
D. the cell was isotonic.
87. The Na+/K+ pump transports _______ into the cell and ________ out of the cell per cycle.
A. 3Na+, 2K+
B. 2Na+, 3K+
+
+
C. 3K , 2Na
D. 2K+, 3Na+
88. In secondary active transport, if the other substance is moved in the same direction as Na+, it is called
A. cotransport.
B. countertransport.
C. antiport.
D. None of these are correct.
89. Desmosomes are a type of junctional complex.
A. True
B. False
90. Bulk transport is required for the transport of large polar molecules into or out of cells.
A. True
B. False
91. The charge difference across a membrane produces the membrane potential.
A. True
B. False
92. The primary intracellular cation is
A. Ca2+.
C. Mg2+.
B. K+.
D. Na+.
93. The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for
A. sodium ions.
B. chloride ions.
C. calcium ions.
D. potassium ions.
94. Hyperkalemia would ____________ the resting membrane potential of the cell.
A. increase
B. decrease
C. have no effect on
95. Most cells have a resting membrane potential between
A. +60mV and -90mV.
B. -60mV and -90mV.
C. -65mV and -85mV.
D. +65mV and +90mV.
96. Which of the following is NOT a general category of cell signaling molecules?
A. endocrine signaling
B. enzymatic signaling
C. paracrine signaling
D. synaptic signaling
97. What is necessary for a target cell to respond to a cell signaling molecule?
A. being close together
B. a second messenger
C. specific receptor proteins
D. All of these choices are necessary.
98. What molecules pass information from the polar regulatory molecule receptor to activate the enzymes that produce
cAMP?
A. paracrines
B. G-proteins
C. GTP
D. None of these choices are correct.
99. Which of the following is NOT a G-protein?
A. alpha
B. beta
C. delta
D. gamma
100. Which of the following is NOT true of cyclic AMP?
A. It is found on the outside of a plasma membrane.
B. It is a second messenger for polar regulatory molecules.
C. It is made from ATP.
D. It activates enzymes inside a cell to produce the desired effect.